National Council of Teachers of Mathematics

discipline Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Standards Website Lesson Plans Edwina Schweitzer inflated C any(prenominal)on University EED 364 November 25, 2012 The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) is a council that has set in place standards that be to be followed and cleaved to when creating mathematical lesson objects. These standards argon discipline and require a lot of the instructors as far as what and how they teach math. temporary hookup there ar many choices of lesson computer programs that nurture the standards set by the NCTM regarding number sentiency and operations, only if quadruple lead be utilise to fulfill the following criteria. . quadruple lesson throws were chosen to illustrate the support of the NCTM standards A. Problem- firmness Math, contingency 1, (Discovery Education, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that helps school-age childs understand the impressiveness of rime. In this lesson the objectives are to show the stude nts the vastness of come in math, and show examples of how they are go for in everyday life. The students rise knocked out(p) by watching the video, Problem-solving Math, event 1, and beca rehearse talking about each of the numbers that they see in the classroom, such as the numbers on a clock or how many key fruit brushes or windows there are.The students are thusly(prenominal) asked to imagine a world without numbers and give ideas of how things would be different. They are then asked to write down examples of how they turn out utilise numbers, such as dividing stopdy among friends, organism first in line, or creation measured at the doctor. They are then asked to share these examples with the class and post them as a reminder of the wideness of numbers in their everyday lives. B. act 3 Exploring the kernel of operations on decimals, (Illuminations, 2000-2012) is a lesson plan that gives students the probability to explore the effects of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and department on decimal numbers. This lesson provides a snarl Playing Board sheet that tout ensembleows students to put-on a game epoch qualification their way through the internal ear. The object of the maze is to check the maze with the highest decimal number. Examples of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and sectionalization of decimal numbers are shown on an overhead projector for the students to see as a visual aid.This activity requires the use of the calculator, which provides put on using a calculator bit having fun with a maze. The students are then put into groups of triplet to discuss their results. C. Ill halve s more enchant (Jackson, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that uses fractions to solve riddles provided in a PBS sequel of Cyberchase, empower Zeus on the Loose. The students watch the episode and then use fractions to solve the riddles while learning the parts of the fractions and their importance in everyday life.There is a handout that is accommodate with the lesson plan and a list of materials, including smores ingredients, large numbers and a forefend of musical theme cut out for halfway use. D. Life is Full of Problems, (Young, n. d. ) is a lesson plan that helps students learn how to read, interpret, and devise a dissolvent to math problems. This lesson requires the use of cordial solving, paper and pencil, and calculator usage. The students learn to double influence their answers for correct procedures and solutions. There are most(prenominal) ideas listed in this lesson plan that may apparel into any diverse classroom.This is a lesson plan that is particularly good for encouraging kind solving of mathematic equations. While the mental solving is attempted first, they may check their mental answers by working the problem out on paper, then double checking themselves with the calculator. This incorporates three different means of problem solving, and non only teaches the importance of menta l capabilities, it enables the students to finish with the use of calculators. 2. The methodology of number star is use in each of the lesson plans in various ways. Problem-solving Math, episode 1, (Discovery Education, n. . ) includes a diction list that the others do non. Vocabulary is an underlying part of developing the skills and concepts necessary to condone solutions to problems, (Camelot Learning, n. d. ). All of the lessons use number importance and provide activities to enhance this importance. Even though some of these activities may not carry vocabulary words to accompany the lesson, they could be incorporated into them. If the higher grades already hunch the vocabulary words for the lessons macrocosm taught, they could be a refresher so that the students did not forget them. 3.The activities that were included in these lesson plans include mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of decimals and fractions. Calculators ar e used in two of the activities, and the importance of the use of numbers is empha surfaced in solely activities. Problem solving techniques are habituated as examples and the students are encouraged to break on them through the completion of the activities. wholeness lesson plan even includes a Smores snack in the activity. Students would not only get to work with Smores, further eat them afterwards 4.These websites are arrogate for K-5th grade students, depending upon the lesson being taught and the ex ten dollar billt to which the teacher would like to instruct it. All of the lesson plans are adaptable for students, but grades 3-6 seemed to be the scoop out to benefit from them as they are listed. A couple of the lesson plans included variations that could be convey simpler or more difficult, depending upon the grade and ask barrier level. This variation in difficulty is also good for the differentiation of the students. 5. The lesson plans all provided ideas for differ entiated instruction.These were also ideas that could be used for different grade levels, depending upon how in-depth the teacher treasured to go. Small groups were assigned to discuss the results of some of the activities. This could be helpful with those students that have greater challenges and may struggle with their activities. Some of these activities could be made partner activities to help ELL students or those that may tend to be drawn-out academically. 6. These lesson plans are most-valuable to the students understanding of mathematics because all of the lesson plans contained rattling knowledge of the importance of numbers in everyday life.The students need to learn the components of these lessons to be successful at anything in life, as they are basic but important components. All of these lessons show the students how numbers sidestep them and that without numbers their world would not be the same(p) at all. They constantly use numbers on a day by day basis, right down to their phone number, address, age, size of clothes, and how tall they are. By providing the examples of this and then providing the opportunity for hands on activities to illustrate this importance, the students may be less likely to make the comments, Why do I have to learn this? I entrust neer use this 7. The activities within the lesson plans could improve student achievement by providing the visual, hands on activities necessary for student understanding and growth. By allowing the students to participate in the activities and have fun, they will esteem the concept being taught kick downstairs because they have witnessed how important it is and have lettered by the fun activities provided. The success of the students can be far greater when they are allowed to participate in hands on activities as opposed to simply being lectured on a particular concept. It is always easier to remember something when you had fun doing it.This principle is the same with lessons. The more opportunities for the students to do activities or games that adjoin to the lesson, the better chance the students have to remember the concept being taught. This is only a success builder in academics. 8. Manipulatives were used in all of these lessons to some extent. The Problem-solving Math, circumstance 1 lesson plan could use a few more ideas for manipulative use. Where the students were asked to anticipate around the classroom and find things that contained numbers, they could select items from the classroom to total one to ten items.This could be done by find out one book, two sheets of paper, three markers, four crayons, etc. Manipulatives may be changed or increased in any of the lesson plans, depending upon the teacher and how he/she chooses to provide them. The four lesson plans that were chosen and described all adhere to the standards set in place by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). Each lesson plan had the NCTM link or listed standards included in the body of the lesson plans. These standards are important for teachers to be aware of and use when creating lesson plans for mathematic instruction.By having these standards set in place and using them, all of the students will have the same emphasis and importance put on number hotshot and operations, regardless of grade level or school. Reference Camelot Learning. (n. d. ). Camelot learning math hindrance curriculum. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. camelotlearning. com/why-camelot/methodology. Discovery Education. (n. d. ). Problem-solving Math, episode 1. Discovery education. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. discoveryeducation. com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/problem-solving-math-episode-1. cfmIlluminations. (2000-2012). Activity 3 Exploring the effect of operations on decimals. Illuminations. Retrieved November 24, 2012 from http//illuminations. nctm. org/LessonDetail. aspx? id=L252. Jackson, C. (n. d. ). Ill halve smore please National teac her pedagogy institute. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. thirteen. org/edonline/ntti/resources/lessons/m_half/index. html Young, K. (n. d. ). Life is full of problems. Retrieved November 25, 2012 from http//www. learningpt. org/pdfs/mscLessonPlans/young. pdf &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 National Council of Teachers Page 2

'MOBA Game Addiction\r'

'The first robotic or automatic computing machine was make in 1822 by Charles Babbage. It was capable of reckoning several sets of numbers and making had copies of the results. contempt its only single purpose, it was the start and the keister of both the technology we cause today. forever since the day the computer was first made, unlike inventors render been creating their own computers with different functions, they to a fault improved the inventions of some others. For almost two centuries, computers have always been evolving. In our era, computers have many a(prenominal) different functions, functions that do efficiently unwrap than human beings.Functions of computers can be result mathematical problems, socializing, searching answers for specific problems, or entertaintment. But nowadays, computers atomic number 18 used largely for entertainment purposes. The reason is because computers be machines that are able to capture images,videos and audio. An examples wo uld be, instead of reflection shows from your television, listening music to the radio or checking photos from your albums, you are able to do all these using the computer alone. But the of import objects of entertainment from computers are video games.Video games ingest both video and audio files, it too has a purpose or close for someone to grasp. The first ever computer game made was in 1952 by A. S. Douglas, a graphical computer magnetic declination of Tic-Tac-Toe. The game was programmed on a EDSAC vacuum-tube computer, which had a cathode ray tube dis revivify. Like the computer, computer-based games were overly evolving at the same time, people are creating games of their own. Graphics of computer games was the notable device characteristic of a game evolving. Computer games have different writing styles, they can be puzzles, shooters, implement or strategy.According to (____), the average of people who play computer games is 18-49, and the most played genre is pu zzle. Computer games have also father competitive because of the amount of players trying to achieve the highest score possible. Because of this nature, game developers are ontogeny more multiplayer games which purpose is generally to further by performing better than the other player. Due to multiplayer games, a terminal figure called â€Å"eSports” has been developed. eSports is the term for organized video game competitions, especially between professionals. The most common genre associated with eSports is multiplayer online battle arena.\r\n'

'Leadership Concepts on Motivating People Essay\r'

' lead strength depends on an individual(a)’s perception of the things that instigate race to fulfil to the top hat of their best abilities. A attractor like me is one who has indispens fitting self - motive and who has honed an potent leading path by do iting, applying and developing which acquirement go forth best achieve and energize others. easily attractionship is captious to every last(predicate) roaring shaping or set-up. there atomic number 18 a lot of attractionship assholes, zeals and penury factors that I depose employ to in exclusivelyure others. I turn out the ability to speed pauperism beca drug abuse my loss leadhip style sensful fix the level of motivation that my a check _or_ abettor manifests. Motivation is opinionated by the conf employ ambitions and style that I employ.\r\n A leader like me utilizes variant styles as nearly as techniques and levels of motivation to get things paltry and arrive a t a detail tendency. Motivation is a symbol of what it takes to be a accept open leader. A simplification in proper motivation on the part of the leader style idling on the part of the follower. In an organization or office set-up, employees be devoted to stagnate when motivation is diminisheden. It is a slip ones forefront for a lot of leaders who make their chase using the old-fashioned mien of imposing fear. This is not recommended because it is likely that a follower under fear allowing just now when produce short-term results and may bring to pass even less expeditiously in the long run.\r\n As a true and good leader, I kinda introduce repugns for pursual to deal with. bringing a new challenge oft clock induces excitement and creativity among subordinates. It al ship canal pays to challenge the pursuit with assignments that be quite forbidden of their scope of work to allow them to invoke their capabilities and even excel. This escalates motivation among the population. In the suit a follower is faced with an obstruction and as a actuate leader, I obligate guidance in find a solution exclusively not to the extent of now offering the true answer to a problem. It is a social function of t to each oneing my chase to know for themselves what be solution to take. This promotes their self-esteem and eventually gives them the motivation they occupy.\r\n I in like manner employ diametrical tools and styles to motivate my followers. However, there is a take in to understand prototypic that a mortal’s motivation is a mixture of his or her feeling of desire and vigour aimed at accepting a specialized goal. Getting someone motivated exactly means making the follower grasp allow foringly the task assigned to him or her. The factors for mickle to be motivated take their beliefs, values, interests, fear, and other laudable causes. I need to always keep an open mind or perspective ab d isclose pitying nature because there is no much(prenominal) thing as simple grammatical construction for motivation. This is to prevent myself from being faced with a complicated arrangement of factors in tell or motivating a somebody to reach his or her maximum rich potential. I, therefore, ineluctably to learn, apply, and develop these factors. However, there will be a variation in their respective reaction if similar motivation tools or styles argon directed towards deuce tribe with different personalities. It is then in-chief(postnominal) for me to know that people react to different needs. This ushers the correct action where I lav determine the accurate decision to be taken in a especial(a) situation.\r\n leading Book\r\n The confine â€Å" leadership: Theory, Application, and Skill Development” (Third Edition) written by Robert N. Lussier and Christopher F. Achua (2006), assesses the correct and legal instruments and styles that outstanding le aders use to determine the future’s leadership strategies. The day script unites classic leadership theories and styles with flexible and adaptable insights that will jockstrap leaders and even would-be leaders to succeed in tomorrow’s workforce.\r\n The book is the most applicable leadership material because the authors make the fundamental sentiments promptly related to modern period by using a unique three-pronged fantasy that includes surmise, application, and skill festering. tally to Lussier and Achua (2006), the book covers all of the traditional theories and wide array of leadership topics in a brief that interesting exhibitation that stresses on the discover factors. Several clear applications were identified by the book, which encourage the endorsers to use their thinking skills. The authors also utilized many skill-building practical exercises to give urgent relevance to the concepts and to nurture leadership skills that argon applic able to a leader’s master and personal life.\r\n include in this book’s interlingual rendition ar the unlike opening matter applications, suggested articles on Infotrac college edition, information from different companies heterogeneous in estimable dilemmas, a emphasis on ethics coverage, revised cutting edge topics and expanded organizational leadership topics. The book features several step-by-step leadership functions which are integrated into the context of each chapter or in the skill-building exercises. It also has application exercises which aim the reader to determine the illustrated idea by using brief s vitamin Ales. The end-of-chapter cases give insights on how companies deplete applied the leadership concepts to meet their challenges. The self-assessment exercises enable the reader to assess his or her own leadership skills. Lastly, the skill-building exercises help the reader develop leadership skills they preserve immediately use. \r\nIndividuals as Leaders\r\n In the offset printing chapter of the book, Lussier and Achua (2006) presented the different factors and instances when an individual assumes being a leader. According to Lussier and Achua (2006), leaders and followers ingest several(a) roles †there are times when the two switch functions and there are also situations where they exemplify flexibility and perform interrelating activities. In order for leaders to motivate their people, the authors presented the trait and behavioral leadership theories that are universal and generally seek only the best leadership style that tooshie be applied in any situation. They differ in the sense that the trait theory dwells on the personal features of high-octane leaders tour the behavioral theory tries to state and explain the actual things that the leaders perform.\r\n In dread the important and critical role that a leader performs, the authors first identified the characterist ics and what it takes to be a leader. Lussier and Achua (2006) cited the idea of legendary football coach Vince Lombardi when he said that leaders are not born but made. The authors further quoted Lombardi as saying that all of us can be or destined to be leaders and it is just a egress of developing the leadership skills already present within ourselves.\r\n Lussier and Achua (2006) concluded this chapter by stating the interrelationships among the first two leadership theories with fortuity theory. They further claimed that the contingency theory determined the most appropriate leadership style because it employs a combination of trait and behavioral leadership theories which cover the three inwrought features of leadership, namely the leader, his or her followers, and a wedded situation (Lussier & Achua, 2006).\r\nLeadership Traits and morality\r\n On the second chapter of the book, Lussier and Achua (2006) stated that the styles used by great lea ders are based on personality traits and an estimable approach is followed. The authors said that although personality traits of leaders are generally classified, each leader quieten has their respective trait which differentiates him or her from others. This specific trait facilitates how the followers are motivated by a good leader to perform at their best. According to Lussier and Achua (2006), the motivating power of a leader is measured on the traits, motions and ethical standards shown by his or her followers.\r\nThe authors added that the followers’ attitudes, moral development and how they ethically approach a detail dilemma determine the kind of tool and style that leaders utilize. These same characteristics are effective both for the leaders and followers in order to persuade each other. These features were manifested in specific cases of Microsoft magnate greenback Gates who is a great pillow slip of a true visionary leader. The ethical and social office of the Timberland fellowship was also used by the authors as an example of creating a win-win situation. This is because the company was able to decide favorably on a certain dilemma and the decision was confidently relayed to their stakeholders which made it ethical (Lussier & Achua, 2006, pp. 63-64).\r\nLeadership Behavior and Motivation\r\n On this brook part of the book, Lussier and Achua (2006) summarized what the whole book is all about. This is where the authors presented the importance of the behavior, skills and style of leaders in connection with their vital project of motivating their people and eventually achieving the customary goal of the group. Stated on this chapter were the similarities and difference of the various circumscribes and appendagees of motivation theories. The authors said that content motivation theories centers on determining and apprehending the needs of the followers.\r\nProcess motivation, on the other hand, escalates in order t o understand how followers favour behavior to meet what they want. Unlike the two, documentation theory is not as touch on about employee needs. This is because it centers on having the followers perform what leaders want them to do by dint of the results given by leaders for their behavior. This is where the use of reward as a means of motivating followers will get up to be of importance. This is not to say that a follower needs to be promised something just to do what has been told. The use of reward establishment is not to corrupt one’s personality and attitude towards work but rather to serve as a compliment and appreciation for a melodic phrase well done.\r\n According to Lussier and Achua (2006), leadership pointed out the significant role of causing the followers to achieve their best personal results as well as to meet the objectives of the organization. The authors express the need for an increased degree of joke performance. This is achievable wh en leaders build a healthy, productive, and motivational working purlieu that motivates the people to do their best and get their supreme objectives. The authors added that influencing the people result to a typical but much needed professional competition within the group. This healthy rivalry yields mostly positive effects which will benefit the whole group and its extraneous customers. The power of the leader to motivate his or her followers through the use of various skills and styles is, therefore, vital for leadership to succeed (Lussier & Achua, 2006, p. 74).\r\nBest Leadership Motivation\r\n The book identifies the terms shape and form as the keywords which leaders may use in order to adhere to the boundaries of leadership theories, application, and skill development. There could never be a specific leadership tool or style because it oftentimes depends on the plenty and the people forming the group. However, for the purpose of having an adaptable lead ership concept that can be employed, the book by Lussier and Achua (2006) apparently stated that great and effective leaders exemplify the power to influence his or her followers and pee-pee variety within the group.\r\n According to Lussier and Achua (2006), influence is the essence of leadership as it manifests all the leadership tools and styles and other concepts that great and effective leaders employ. The authors also stated that influencing is the change procedure wherein a leader expresses thoughts, gaining understanding and acceptance of these ideas and causing his or her people to support and place into action the ideas. They also explain that effective leaders have the strong power influence the followers who themselves also become effective in influencing others.\r\nThis process of change called â€Å"influencing” also revolves nearly the relationship between leaders and followers. There can also be dower where the leaders and followers often change roles through the said process of influencing. Moreover, since effective leaders know when to lead and when to follow, influencing and position down specific goals determine the theory of change. Lussier and Achua (2006), therefore, stressed that continued change is necessary in organizations in order to adapt to the rapidly changing global environment and meet the demands of the role of being a leader (Lussier & Achua, 2006, p. 8).\r\nConclusion\r\n Leadership has something to do with whom the people are pursual and for what purpose. As a leader, I influence my followers’ behaviors thus I should know how to motivate these people and cause an goal of effectively bringing out the best in them. Leadership has its theories, application and ways of development while I have powers that make others want to follow my direction. However, it is the process of influencing the behavior of other people toward achieving a predetermined goal that determines effectivene ss on the part of the leaders.\r\n The success of my group rests on my kind of leadership and whether I have got the needed leadership qualities. Without my leadership, my group is less effective in its joint effect on their mission. In effect, without my supportive members, I will be reprimandd.\r\nCompatibility between me and my followers is significant. Some leaders are more effective with grouchy types of follower while other followers function better with a specific style of leadership. The centralize has usually been given on leaders to bring about change, but this responsibility is actually shared. This is because it is not difficult to frustrate the efforts of leadership if persons are unwilling to be led in a particular direction.\r\n Leadership also calls for relationships especially if I am compatible with my followers. If we are dissever of meant for each other, substantial success is present. I have the power through motivation and it is stim ulated through leadership styles. Whether the organizations or leader prefers the achievement oriented leadership style or the others, they can still obtain best results if a little form of collaboration, caring, being receptive to formative feedback, and adopting understanding skills, are added. I can also motivate based on personality traits, by setting a good example. If I and my organization can be able to motivate our followers, the common goal of productivity and best performance can be met.\r\n In wise(p) the best leadership tool or style, I must be able to adapt my authority to various situations as well as to the different personalities of people I guide. This in effect implies that I should not be limited to only one style given a particular instance and type of people. The various techniques, as presented in the book by Lussier and Achua (2006), can be used to influence people and achieve the same purpose of the group. Aside from the various leadership tools, styles, theories, applications and ways of development, it is foremost, my ability and power to influence my followers and to cause changes in the group, that will stand.\r\n lineament\r\nLussier, R. N. & Achua, C. F. (2006). Leadership: Theory, Application, and Skill Development. OH: South-Western produce Co.\r\n'

'Michael Jordan\r'

'Michael Jordan- Dominator of hoops Who is the best basketb totally player of all times? Michael Jordan is the greatest all-time NBA player. He left college after his junior course to join the league. He was drafted by the stops Bulls and soon proved himself on the court. Michael Jordan rule the sport from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s. He light-emitting diode the Chicago Bulls to six national championships as well as earned the theme Basketball Association’s (NBA) some Valuable Player Award for quint times.This professional basketball player has cultivated so much more. He is also an Olympic athlete, job entrepreneur, and instrumentalist. During the summer of 1984, Jordan make his first appearance in the Olympics. He was a member of the United States basketball team. Jordan helped earned the g senile medal at the games. Later, in 1992, he also compete on the â€Å"Dream Team” which participated in the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain. The team easi ly won the gold medal. Jordan is involved in a number of business ventures.In 2006, he bought a share of the Charlotte Bobcats. He joined the team’s decision maker ranks and became a managing member. He landed some(prenominal) endorsement deals with companies such as Nike, ageing Spice and Gatorade. Many popular wear and shoe designs are inspired by his talents. He also has vested in some(prenominal) restaurants. Michael Jordan was pushed further into the spotlight as he enters the film industry. He was the star actor in the movie Space insistence in 1996. He has made several(prenominal) appearances on the Today Show, ESPN, and even Oprah.It is also very common to view him on athletic commercials such as Gatorade ,Nike, and old spice. It is so obvious that Michael Jordan is the iodine of the roughly successful, popular, and wealthy athletes in the professional sports history. He still remains the most alter player in the NBA. Jordan received one of the greatest hono rs in basketball. He was inducted into the Naismith record Basketball Hall of Fame. This accomplishment merely proves that Michael Jordan will always be make love Because of his Olympic athlete, business entrepreneur, and acting career.\r\n'

'Diploma in leadership and management In Health Essay\r'

' mania is suit of clothesd by damage in the conceiver, and is char motionerised by fund sacking and difficulties with mind, problem solving, movement co-ordination or language. It washbasin as comfortably as typesetters model a individual to thrash disorientated in outer space and fourth dimension and to picture h solelyucinations, a redress in converse skills and some wholenessality changes. These symptoms akinly knead it difficult for mint with monomania to insure b tell apart chances-made things and retain fresh acquired cultivation. The most common author of madness is Alzheimer’s sickness, which is progressive. Proteins get on up in the school principal, forming â€Å"plaques” or â€Å"tangles”. These yard the loss of connections amidst cells, and coreu on the wholey eye cells die and wit tissue is incapacitated. stack with Alzheimer’s malady besides do non meet enough neuro bearters, which ar chemicals apply to transmit messages.\r\nVascular aberration is ca spendd by a range of unwellnessiness of the blood tot to the subject. Atherosclerosis is when fatty deposits induce up in blood vessel walls. This causes them to flavour and narrow, reducing blood f woeful to the superstar. When brain cells do non go the grouping O and nutrients they deal, they start to die. Pick’s disease or fronto laic derangement is caused by nerve cells in the facade and/or realismly lobes dying. The connections between these cells change, and there is a loss of neurotransmitters. Over time, the anterior and/or temporal lobes shrink. Lewy bodies atomic number 18 tiny round protein structures in the nerve cells of the brain. The cause of these or how they cause craziness is unkn sustain. in that respect is as well a loss of neurotransmitters, and oer time, the nerve cells increasingly die and brain tissue is lost.\r\n volume with derangement experience contrasting types o f remembrance impairment. A dec occupancy in repositing sloppeds that the great unwashed get out very very muchtimes compete to recall recent events or forget messages, routes or names. They whitethorn usurp themselves or ask the comparable questions reduplicateedly. They whitethorn forget how to do things, much(prenominal) as how to use cutter, tie shoelaces, get at rargon-hat or play chess. Difficulties scrape uping the safe(a) pronounce, or introduceing the spuriousing of words, cornerst unmatch sufficient affect communication. Losing the ability to read or to interpret signs, as well as the mortal world un able-bodied to translate what differents ar saying crowd out vex a big connect on communication. Losing reading and writing skills non single bear ons on communicating with others, solely mass in whatever(prenominal) case head to sloppiness. spate with frenzy whitethorn no longer check the normal flow of conversation and ability interrupt or ignore great deal.\r\nChanges in behaviour argon common in hatful with derangement. They whitethorn repeat an drill every menage and all oer, pace up and down, or follow masses approximately. two(prenominal)times great deal with dementia sens shout, scream, or be come after physically aggressive. They send packing become discontented and whitethorn wake up during the darkness. A lose of inhibition puke symbolise that somebody with dementia talent dismantle inappropriately, be rude or boast inappropriate sexual behaviour. volume with dementia whitethorn hide and turn a loss their possessions. They energy be also suspicious of others, thinking that somebody has stolen an object they halt misplaced, for example.\r\n good deal with dementia lot struggle with amiable processes much(prenominal) as reasoning. This weed fleet to bewilderment and difficulty with m some(prenominal) unremarkable tasks. Being unable to weigh up all of the fact s to make a reasonable experimental conditionination fuel corroborate a huge partake on a psyche’s spiritedness. M each(prenominal) people with dementia go out lose skills which they used to throw a carriage, whether this be playing a tuneful tool, driving or decorating. Abilities of people with dementia croup fluctuate twenty-four hour period to solar day. For example, they king be able to recognise a relative some days, set asided non others. Sometimes they index be able to write, whereas other days they aptitude non.\r\nDementia mickle affect the aras of the brain liable for balance and movement, cause movement difficulties. tidy sum with dementia may flip to a greater extent deadeningly, be only able to head for concise distances, or struggle to get up from chairs. They top executive need defy to walk, or use a flog or a wheelchair. throng with dementia superpower find it difficult to walk outside or on unexpended surfaces and m ay be business concernful of steps or hesitant maculation walk through and through opening slipway.\r\nStimuli including touch, light, heat and sound waves ar input through the centripetal organs. This learning is encoded into our memory system by the brain. cultivation raise be encoded in impairment of what a printed word looks standardised, what a word sounds like, or what the word way. This development thus has to be maintained. This is thought to happen in take forming memory (when information is stored for a maximum of 20 seconds) by galvanizing signals travelling through neurons in a loop.\r\nThe hippocampus and the frontal pallium sieve the information and decide if it lead be stored in long condition memory. If so, it is thought to be stored in some proteins. The information is stored in different parts of the brain, but we do not know hardly how this works. To recall a memory, the information mustiness be retrieved. This is triggered by a retrieval instigate. The brain reconstructs the memory, putting together what may move over happened by retrieving the information that the brain stored and could recall. Memories croup be reconstructed incorrectly, and this chamberpot be influenced by the retrieval cue ( much(prenominal) as a leading question).\r\nIn people with dementia, the hippocampus may be damaged. This basin make it much to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) difficult for the soulfulness to learn new information or to form new memories. The soul tycoon not withdraw what they did prior on that day, or they efficacy forget what they afford said moments before, create them to repeat themselves. The hippocampus is used when memories argon retrieved, particularly memories which were formed more recently. This is why many people with dementia unflurried pack their childhood memories but gagenot telephone what they have done that day.\r\nWhen damage get arounds through the brain, such as in people wi th Alzheimer’s disease, more areas in the brain become affected. The brain slowly shrinks and earlier memories are lost. The left hemisphere is responsible for semantic memory (the toy withing of words) and language, so when it is damaged, the soulfulness skill struggle to find the right words. The temporal lobes match visual input with memories of previous experiences, so when this is damaged, the somebody qualification struggle to recognise beaten(prenominal) faces and objects. Sometimes, a soul with Alzheimer’s disease strength know who the known soul is once they hear their voice, because hearing pathways are separate.\r\nWhen a soulfulness’s right parietal lobe is damaged, they may struggle to render distances, causing problems with navigating stairs, for example. The damage croup spread to the frontal lobes, causing somebody with Alzheimer’s disease to struggle with planning, organization and decision making. This might include proble ms with tasks such as pursuit a new recipe. In people with Alzheimer’s disease, many abilities are not lost, especially skills learned a long time ago. Skills such as playing a musical instrument depend on procedural memories, which are stored deep within the brain. These skills are ofttimes maintained for a long time in people with Alzheimer’s disease.\r\nPeople with vascular dementia display a broadr range of symptoms than other types of dementia. Sometimes a stroke erect cause vascular dementia, if the blood supply to the brain is shortly cut absent and a wide-ranging area of tissue on one side of the brain dies. The soul may struggle with planning, concentrating, thinking, or with their memory. They may also have problems with legal transfer or vision, or have weakness on one side of the body. several(prenominal) mini-strokes elicit also lead to vascular dementia, each one causing a small stain of brain tissue in the cortex to die.\r\nThe symptoms depend on where the tissue is lost. If this is in the hippocampus, the mortal might have problems with their occasional memory ( someoneal memories of item events). Damage in the frontal lobe bath cause difficulties with decision maker function (problem solving, setting goals, making decisions, and following sequences to complete tasks). This might mean the somebody struggles to make cheese on toast, for example, because they arousenot swot what they need to do.\r\nVascular dementia stomach also follow several mini-strokes over time. Each mini-stroke creates a small tack together of dead brain tissue, called an infarct, in the cortex. advance(prenominal) symptoms potty be very specific to where the tissue is lost. For example, problems with episodic memory can be caused by an infarct in the hippocampus, and problems with executive function can be caused by an infarct in the frontal lobe.\r\nWhen a somebody has frontotemporal dementia, their temporal and/or frontal lobes shrink. Damage to specific areas causes different problems. The individual might become withdraw and lose motivation, or they might lose their inhibitions. This could cause them to take their clothes off inappropriately, or make inappropriate comments. When the frontal lobes are damaged, the mortal might repeat themselves constantly.\r\nPeople with dementia with Lewy bodies have little shrinkage of the brain than people with Alzheimer’s disease or frontotemporal dementia. The Lewy bodies form in the cerebral cortex, brain stem and limbic system. Common early symptoms are problems with forethought and vision. Lewy bodies in the brain stem can also cause difficulties with movement.\r\nSometimes people can have other gibes which might cause symptoms similar to those of dementia. Depression can mean the psyche’s climate is irritable, sad or hopeless(prenominal)(prenominal). They might be provoke, restless, or tired with no energy. They might lose interest or joy in activ ities that they used to enjoy. Sometimes impression can cause disturbances in sleep, like early waking, along with memory or concentration problems. It can cause a psyche to eat too much or too little, to have aches and stock with no physical cause, or to experience suicidal thoughts. However, imprint usually develops over weeks or months, which is faster than the onset of dementia.\r\nPeople with dementia a good deal experience problems with reasoning, speech and orientation in time and space, which depression would not usually cause. If a soulfulness with depression struggles to remember something, they depart oft remember when prompted, but people with dementia often exertion to cover up their forgetfulness. People with severe depression may struggle with their memory and reasoning collectable to poor concentration. These symptoms disappear with treatment, whereas this allow not happen in people with dementia. People with depression and dementia can privation motivat ion, but people with depression are liable(predicate) to show other symptoms of this, quite than other symptoms of dementia.\r\nPeople with infections, such as urinary tract infections, can also have symptoms which may appear similar to those of dementia. The pain caused by UTIs can cause people to become depressed or agitated, especially if they cannot herald that they are in pain. Infections can also cause dizziness, confusion, hallucinations or memory problems, which could be mistaken for dementia. However, the confusion caused by infections is acute and comes on all at once with the onset of the infection, earlier than over a much longer flowing of time, as experienced by people with dementia. erstwhile the infection has been treated and then any agitation and confusion will disappear, which is not the case with dementia.\r\nDrugs including prescribed musics can have side effects which may imitate those of dementia. These can include confusion, dizziness, problems with movement or speech, difficulties with memory or thinking, agitation or hallucinations. People with these symptoms may appear to have dementia. This is more likely to be the case in older people, because they metabolize medication less efficiently, causing a found up of the drug. However, once the person is on the correct type and dosage of medication, the symptoms should reply themselves.\r\nPeople may become bewildered for reasons other than dementia, such as changes in their surroundings. Moving home, having different embolden workers or changing activities could cause a person to be unkept. These changes could also cause depression, which in turn can mimic dementia. formerly a person becomes more colonised in their routine then the symptoms should disappear.\r\n inebriant abuse can destroy brain cells responsible for memory, balance, thinking and decision making. People that drink heavily may also have an un healthy diet low in thiamine. A severe insufficiency in thia mine can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, which causes symptoms such as memory loss, confusion and agitation. This could mean the person appears to have dementia. However, a history of alcohol abuse might suggest that this is not the case. Treatment for Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome can reverse the symptoms, which would not happen if the person had dementia.\r\nVision problems caused by conditions such as cataracts or age-related macular decadence can cause people to become confused and struggle to read or to recognise faces. This can be scary and can mean the person becomes depressed or agitated. Macular degeneration can come on rapidly, furthering the initiative that the person’s symptoms could be viewed as those of dementia. Once a diagnosing is corroborate and symptoms are treated or the person is keep uped to manage their condition, it would become ostensible that the person does not have dementia.\r\nThere are many reasons why the abilities and necessitate of an individual with dementia might fluctuate. In people with Alzheimer’s disease, as the condition progresses, the person’s abilities decline over time. People with dementia often have lucid moments, where they may suddenly be more able to choke or do certain things for a short period of time. People with Dementia with Lewy bodies are more likely to experience displace abilities.\r\nMedication changes can cause withdrawal method symptoms such as confusion, dizziness or flu-like symptoms. Side effects of the new medication, such as those mentioned above, may be more apparent until the body gets used to this medication. These can mean the person is more agitated or confused than normal and they might need extra throw until the symptoms have eased. Sometimes a person may have been on a vehement medication for a long period of time, and once this is changed, their abilities and needfully can change. Several people that I have worked with have been more able to make and communicate their decisions, more mobile, alert and in subject by and by certain medications were pruned or withdrawn.\r\nAbilities can often be mood dependent †when anyone is in a good mood, they are more likely to loss to do things and to communicate more effectively. Being less able to communicate or having to assert on others for realise can cause frustration or agitation, particularly where frequent with personal safekeeping is required. Once agitated, the person might be less able to do things single-handedly due to the way they are flavoring. People with dementia are often awake at darkness and they may struggle with their day/night orientation. This can lead to them being tired during the day, affecting their cognitive abilities, communication skills and co-ordination.\r\nThe survive a person ingests can impact on their abilities and needs. If there is a lack of continuity in the abet provided, the person can become unhappy and more confused, causing their abilities to change. It is important for the person to build trust and familiarity with their escort workers. Likewise, better support and cleansed continuity might mean that the person becomes more independent as they are more settled and have better routines. Developing effective communication methods can mean the person becomes more able to communicate with those around them. disparate ways in which the person is support could also result in fluctuations in abilities while they are back up by different support workers. If a person is experiencing abuse committed by anyone around them, they are likely to become depressed, confused or agitated, meaning their abilities and needs could change.\r\n aboriginal diagnosis can facilitate fall the anxiety experienced by the person which is caused by not knowing what is causing their symptoms. The diagnosis can help the person to feel cleared and they can learn or so their condition and what their hereafter may hold. The person or their family might be in denial around the diagnosis, refusing to stimulate that they have dementia. The diagnosis can make a person feel as if their life has been turned upside down. They are likely to be s electric charged and might feel like they have lost their identity, self-regard and supremacy over their life.\r\nThey may be stimulate of losing their home and their retirement and dignity. Sometimes people may be viewed or treated differently by others once they have a diagnosis, including their family and friends, or they might be worried about this happening. However, early diagnosis is important because it enables admission charge to support groups. The person can stumble advice on how to manage their condition while living as full a life as executable. The support groups interpose people who are in the same situation, so the person and their family and friends can build a support network. The support group can also provide medical medical specialist information related to the person’s condition and their symptoms, with a real understanding of how dementia impacts the life of the person and their friends and family.\r\nIf the person is diagnosed with dementia early, the underlying cause can be discovered and they can nettle treatments for their condition. Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies piecemeal damage the brain. Medications are available which improve symptoms by increasing the function of the rest healthy brain cells. These medications do not slow the progression of the disease but they do improve symptoms, which improves attribute of life. different medications can also be reviewed, as they could be affecting cognitive functioning.\r\n lay on the line factors such as smoking, being overweight, naughty blood pressure, high cholesterol and badly controlled diabetes contribute to vascular dementia. The presence of these risk factors can also make Alzheimer’s disease worse. Early diagnosis mig ht mean that more attention is addicted to keeping these risk factors under control, which could slow the progression of vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s.\r\nA diagnosis is inherent for organising support, including day go, respite care, occupational therapists, dieticians, mental health teams and speech and language therapists. This can not only improve quality of life for the person, but outmatchow family and friends a grass from supporting the person. Early diagnosis heart and soul the person will get the support sooner, possibly improving their long term outcome. A diagnosis will also make fiscal support complaisant to the person, such as Personal freedom Payment. It may make it easier for the person and their family to receive advice regarding their finances, as well as financial support such as Carer’s bothowance.\r\nAn early diagnosis will regress more time to plan for the future to ensure that everything is in order. A durable Power of Attorney may need to be arranged if the dementia is progressive. Safer ways of taking medication can be set up, such as worst packs, for example. This will help the person to take their medication correctly, and can make it simpler for family and friends. This can empower the person, increase liberty and reduce the risk of medication errors which could cause health issues. If a person is already diagnosed with dementia, then nurses and doctors will be apprised of any difficulties they may assault and will work harder to communicate with the person effectively.\r\nIt is indispensable to destroy accurately to aid early diagnosis. save anything that is unusual for the person or any possible symptoms of dementia, in detail, will give a good picture over time of any changes in a person’s ability or memory. It is important to have hold methods of arrangement and describe within the transcription and for all employees to follow these. These might include verbal, scripted and electroni c communication. education must be kept confidential and all records and reports must be timely and accurate. Reporting might include communicating with colleagues, key workers and line managers, GPs, nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, speech and language therapists and specialist consultants. Records must be legible, factual, dated and signed.\r\n put down all of these symptoms will help to butt against if there is a pattern and reporting them to the person’s GP can obtain a referral for diagnosis as soon as possible. When a diagnosis is made, they may use the support records, as well as flavour at times where concerns have been reported to the applicable bodies. It is important that all records are expand to ensure that an early, correct diagnosis can be made. Before and after diagnosis, elaborated records will show if a person’s symptoms are improving or worsening over time. It is also essential to record accurately to highlight any risks that arise and to report these.\r\nThis ensures that the risks can be addressed, reducing the likelihood of harm cash advanceing to the person and their support workers. When a support worker records and reports a risk they encounter to the relevant person or authority, they are also protecting themselves in the event of legal action arising. The organisation would be required to prove that they have agreed methods of recording and reporting in place and that they ensure that these are followed. Having robust support plans and risk assessments in place should mean that they hold up to scrutiny in court. This would mean that employees would be liable for their own actions if they did not work in union with them.\r\nPart 3\r\nPerson centred care is support planned and de alivered around the needs of the person. This means involving the person as much as possible, as well as any other people that they heed to be involved, such as family, friends and other professionals. Support workers will be matched to the person being supported, who might be involved in recruitment. The person should be as involved as possible in choosing where they wish to live, who they want to live with, who they want to be supported by, what they want to do each day, what and when they eat and drink, how they are supported with day to day activities, and so on The person will be supported to be as independent as possible and staff will be deft to meet the needs of the person. Support workers will always respect the dignity, privacy and rights of the person.\r\nThey will work to ensure a holistic ascend, meeting all of the person’s needs, including religious and cultural. They will support the person to develop and maintain meaningful kindreds and will build a trusting, professional relationship with the person. Support workers will have a positive approach, focusing on what the person can do, what their strengths are, and seeing the person as an individual rather than by their condition. They will work within guidance and legislation, act in the best interests of the person and work to safeguard them from abuse. A multidisciplinary team will often be involved, to support the person in all areas of their life in the best possible way.\r\nNon person centred care is the opposite of all of this and is based on a more institutional approach †which is easiest for the staff or the organisation, what fits in best with the other people who live there, or which is cheapest. Non person centred care is more likely to occur in large group homes, though can happen anywhere. Carers might be very limited by time or resources. Staff may subscribe to the biomedical model of health. The biomedical model focuses on the person being physically healthy, as in having an absence seizure of physical illness. It does not consider upbeat as a whole, ignoring affectionate and mental factors. This way of thinking means all of the factors outlined above could be ignored, becau se staff might think the person is well supported just because they are physically healthy.\r\nThere are many techniques which can be used to meet the move needs of the person with dementia. The reality-orientation approach is a type of therapy which reduces confusion and helps the person to understand their surroundings. Information relating to time, place, a person, etc. is presented and tell regularly. This might be clocks, schedules for the day or a board showing the date, which is fortify using prompts in conversation. This is helpful because people with dementia may forget what day/time it is, where they are, or who they are with.\r\nThe administration approach means seeing the world through the person with dementia’s eyes and trying to enter their reality, rather than bringing them back to our reality. This sometimes means not challenging their reality †doing this would often just lead to more idiom and confusion. This approach improves the person’s se lf-importance jimmy and can mean they feel more settled. The trial impression approach subscribes to the idea that there is a reason why people with dementia do and say the things they do, and that we should validate these things and try to understand them. The behaviours are attempts to communicate. It says that we must empathise with the person and try to understand what they are trying to express.\r\nThe validation approach theorises that the person is expressing things which they have control for many years. Expressing these feelings reduces the intensity of them and enables the person to communicate more. It is based on the idea that when a person has severe short term memory loss, they revert to the more familiar agone. This is thought to be to due to having less control over the present, to relive past experiences or to resolve unfinished conflicts. This approach reduces stress experienced by the person with dementia and encompasses the holistic approach, focusing on the person’s dignity and happiness. This often results in the person displaying less behaviours which challenge.\r\n using the right support and assistive engineering science can help carers to meet the changing needs of a person with dementia while maintaining their dignity and independence. Assistive applied science such as pressure sensors, door alarms, calendar clocks, talking photo albums, reminder messages and personal alarms can help family or support workers to meet the variety of changing needs of the person with dementia. Changing the environment to meet the needs of the person might include fitting hand rails, ramps or different flooring such as non slip flooring. Practical aids to help the person be more independent are utilizable, such as touch sensitive lamps, kettle tippers, adapted cutlery and non spill cups. Equipment for personal care, continence and maintaining dignity might include dressing aids, embossed toilet seats, bath seats, commodes and continence pads. Some mobility and transfer aids are walking frames, wheelchairs, hoists, transfer turntables and chair raisers.\r\nWorking with the person to find the best combination of aids and techniques is important as part of a person centred approach. Support workers should use callback techniques such as reasoning old pastimes, looking through photo albums, watching old films or listening to music can help stimulate a person’s memory and enhance their quality of life. Alternative therapies such as aromatherapy and rub off can mean the person feels more relaxed in what can be a stressful, confusing world. It is important to address sensory needs, whether this is through touch, smell, activities such as locomote or use of sensory rooms, etc. Using effective communication is essential for person centred support. Support workers should be aware of their verbal and non verbal communication, using techniques such as physical prompts where appropriate. As antecedently discussed, needs and abilities can fluctuate on a daily basis so different techniques might be useful on different days or with different people.\r\nMyths and stereotypes related to dementia can have a big impact on the individual and their carers. Some of these stereotypes are that people with dementia are aggressive, that they do not have rights or that they do not understand anything. Some people assume that people with dementia mechanically lose their independence so cannot baffle or be involved in decisions. This could mean that people are automatically excluded from being involved in decisions regarding their support, which is not person centred. The person’s independence might be compromised as they might not realise that their diagnosis does not prevent them from doing things, including driving.\r\nThese stereotypes can lead to social isolation for both the person and their carers in attempt to avoid coming into get to with people who hold these beliefs. Negative interactions with professionals such as GPs can negatively impact the person’s self esteem and dignity, as well as that of the carer. This in turn may mean that the person struggles to access the services which they need, or avoids want access to these services in fear of discrimination. A lack of access to services can also affect the carer because they can be left to care for the person without any respite or support network around them. The involvement of professionals such as occupational therapists, for example, can greatly improve the lives of both the person and the carer. All of this can negatively impact on the person’s behaviour, further affecting their quality of life (and that of the carer).\r\nIndividuals and carers can be supported to overcome their fears through person centred planning. Support to do this can empower the individual to be in control of their life rather than fearful about what will happen to them. This support could come from advocates, charities, s upport groups, friends, line managers, etc. Carers are likely to be less scared and more certified about how they can effectively meet the person’s needs to improve their quality of life. Information about accessible services can demonstrate to the person with dementia that they can still be supported to live a full and active life. They can choose which services they would like to use and can see what is on offer, which might be in contrast to views they already hold about care providers.\r\nThis information can ease the fears of carers, particularly where family carers are involved, because they may feel more at ease when they know that a wide range of person centred support is available. Where an organisation is providing support, training can help the support worker to feel more informed and confident in their ability to provide person centred care. This can ease any fear which the person has, along with superintendence meetings where they can discuss their development. Team meetings are also helpful, because the team can discuss their ways of working and address any issues that they have come across. Support groups and organisations can greatly help to ease the fears of both the individual and their carers, not only by providing practical advice and support, but through incorrupt support too.\r\n'

'Memorandum: Net Present Value and Apex Investment Partners\r'

'MEMORANDUM To Apex Investment Partners: According to my epitome of the Accessline’s profferd term sheet, I do non believe that Apex would serve its own interests, or those of its investing partners, by investing in Accessline correspond to the terms proposed. By investing at the proposed valuation, harmonize to the proposed engage and fillip structure, Apex would be shouldering a disproportionate sh atomic number 18 of the risk should Accessline fail to fancy its performance targets, or require fresh inflows of capital of the United States from rising investing rounds.Nor tin can Accessline take the multifariousness of steps necessary to protect its investment in the fact of steering ruin. Should Apex make a counter-offer, I would hint the following terms: evaluation: Accessline’s projected tax incomes in 1999 are $208m. use the average legal injury/revenue dimension of 3com and capital of Massachusetts Technologies, it seems reasonable to expect a n IPO valuation at 3. 67 times revenues, producing gross proceeds of $764m with a state value of $116m (using our 60% discount rate).Assuming that Accessline meets this revenue target, and that no future funding is required, Apex give take a slight loss on its required rate of return, barring the voluntary distribution of the dividend from the board of directors, on which we are not offered a seat. The present price per share at much(prenominal) an exit would be approximately $7. 84. However, given Accessline’s historical burn rate, it seems unreasonable to expect the $16m investment produced in series B to last Accessline until 1999.Assuming Accessline give need another $32m to reach its revenue targets by 1999, Apex takes a much to a greater extent f proper(a)ening loss relative to its required rate of return. The present price per share at such an exit, presume the new shares are also offered at $8 per share, would be $6. 18 per share. I therefore suggest using $6 per share as a point for a new valuation of the company, take for granted the inclusion/revision of terms as draw below. Rights and Preferences Apart from the valuation, other elements of the term sheet must(prenominal) be adjusted to allow Accessline to protect its interests and incite or replace centering in the grimace of performance failure.First and foremost, Apex must insist on the right to elect one director to the board. serial A investors already have one seat, and the real voting clauses allow Series A to in effect retain control of decision making by requiring 2/3rds majority for many key decisions. Should future funding rounds be required, those investors whitethorn insist on seats on the board. Apex must admit antidilution protection from employee shares, as this removes a significant incentive for employees and management to reduce Accessline’s burn rate.However, as Series A investors retain a controvert over the deal, their shares must be allowed to r etain anti-dilution protection. Additionally, we may propose a point at which excess investment rounds (above and beyond $32m of fresh capital) would cause dilution of employee stock ownership plan shares at an accelerated rate. Dividends should be made additive and issuable upon a liquidation event or an IPO. much(prenominal) dividends may be converted, if the holder desires, to common shares. This lead encourage management to seek a speedy exit. Liquidation preference must be built in other ways.In my opinion, the current arrangement allows management and employees to receive unjustified returns in the case of a liquidation. I suggest a ratio of 1. 5 times the Series B purchase price, relevant to Series A shares, with the remainder to be distributed among Series A, Series B, and common shareholders/employee stock ownership plan on an as-if-converted basis. In an IPO, Series B shares should auto-convert at a ratio of one-to-one at a target price of $12 until June thirtieth an d $15 after June 30th 1996. After that, the targets must continue to ratchet upwards.The write consent of 3/4ths of Preferred shareholders could override this fate while preserving Apex’s ability to preclude auto-conversion. This voting ratio should also be employ in the voting clause, since without it Apex lacks any ability to control future funding rounds. Series B must be allowed to redeem all of their shares upon the failure of Accessline to come within 5% of its revenue and income projections for 2 consecutive years. Alternatively, Apex could require that unvested management/ESOP shares be returned to Series A and Series B on a pari passu basis in the case of performance failure.Alternatively, Accessline could insist on a right to replace management in the case of this eventuality. presumption the large number of competitors already present in the market, it is likely that if Accessline’s business fails, it impart do so quickly and drastically. Negotiation considerations It is important to refer that a counterproposal from Accessline that strengthens or enhances any of these provisions in Apex’ favor in exchange for a higher issue price of the Series B shares should be considered.However, there are limits to the premium we should constitute for enhanced control, and firm limits for how far such control can be reduced. A board process and the voting rules are non-negotiable. The dividend and the autoconversion terms, however, are places in which we can demonstrate flexibility. At this price, with these changes to the term sheet, we are exempt exposed. Significant competitive, regulatory, or technological changes in the food market could quickly destroy Accessline’s profitability.This is, as it stands, a strong counterproposal that is bound to meet resistance from management and employees, but provided we preserve Series A’s valuation, I believe Series A investors will be inclined to allow us more control and l atitude provided the performance requirements for management are strengthened. Since I believe our competitors will also propose lower valuations based on a witness of these same numbers, we must act tactfully. Perhaps virtually sort of parachute can be coherent for senior management in the event of a takeover.\r\n'

'The Case of American Apparel(a Clothing Manufacturer)\r'

'Two Practices in commercial enterprise related to the topic from chore organisation Magazines. The case of American App atomic number 18l(a clothing manufacturer): Charney squ arly declargons : â€Å"Ive had relationships, loving relationships, that Im proud of. I think its a First Amendment right to espouse ones affection for another human being. ” And he is talking ab erupt his staff. He has admitted to having numerous love affairs with colleagues in the past. He is even k straightwayn to solve at office dressed in postal code other than underwear.\r\nThis attitude in fact percolates to American coiffure’s culture, is almost second-nature for most of the employees and is ocular even in the decor of its stores. The stores white w tot entirelyys are dotted with product shots. Like the companys signature advertisements, these are grainy, seemingly candid photos of young people in various states of undress. Charney has been adept at weaving his libertarian k pro mptlyledgeable attitude with his progressive labor practices. But to furbish up it the gospel or the bedrock principle for it to be followed by ALL of its employees is another story.\r\nIn may 2005, he was sued by three women — every(prenominal) former American Apparel employees — who claim they were informally irritated by him at work. Businessweek spoke to multiple employees of American Apparel to gather an understanding of the under-currents of their workplace. Most express that the place reeks of a highly versed aura and they were offended by it. So much so that Mr. Charney himself does not deny a report that precluded the intimate bedevilment case filed, which reported that he assiduous in graphic versed acts with a effeminate employee in presence of the journalist.\r\nSeniors actively pursued sexual relationships with the junior colleagues and rewarded them accordingly. Yet, there are people with in effect(p) sense e actuallywhere and there were 3 women employees who complained of sexual agony. They consequently filed a case against Mr. Charney. He came out in his defense flatly refuting the charges against him and claimed that these 3 women were sub-standard employees and gave no indication before they left that they had felt harassed. By all accounts, the 3 litigants were not involved with him physically.\r\nYet, all 3 accused Mr. Charney of using foul and impolite language frequently when conversing with them. They similarly said that this offended and shocked them and created â€Å"a hostile work surround. ” star of the women stated that her boss made her work disembodied spirit miserable with unwelcome sexual comments and suggestive signals. And she says she was pink-slipped after she complained. One of the purposes that this case serves is that it clearly illustrates the determination of perception of sexual harassment at workplace.\r\nBusiness owners, managers and the business culture they propagate are deprecative components of any no-tolerance plan regarding sexual harassment. Should harassment occur, usher brings to be provided that appropriate steps are undertaken to prevent and handle the incident. This is why a sexual harassment indemnity is critical. However, in American Apparel’s case, instead of a robust policy to take care of any potential sexual harassment case, the CEO of the whole himself indulged in harassing his exployees. This resulted in the perception that has come to be recognized now with the name of American Apparel.\r\nThe company even maintains a string of apartments in the U. S. and Canada to save money on hotel rooms for obvious purposes. Any potential employee now goes looking for a job in A. A. penetrating fully well the attitude of the firm towards sexual and suggestive behaviour in the workplace. Practices in business related to sexual harassment: versed harassment reading programs: As much as 62% of all US businesses now offer virtually kind of sexual harassment bar training programs for employees: managers and subordinates alike.\r\nThough not a legal urgency for any business(yet), these programs do tend to serve as an assurance in the minds of the employers that should there be a case of sexual harassment at work, they do have a recourse, a channel to regale it. And to protect them in case a suit of clothes is filed. Some reports suggest that sexual harassment cases are increasingly on the rise. Not only this, the reports also suggest that the harassment has reached the higher levels of management, as in the case of American Apparel.\r\nKeeping this in mind, it becomes all the more imperative and necessary for a firm to adopt a sexual harassment prevention policy. It is imperative that an employee is provided a safe and comfortable environment to work in. In â€Å"Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: A Primer”, Barry Roberts and Richard Mann recommend that businesses need to understand sexual harassment ; communicate a policy; enforce a policy; be procedures; and enforce policy. In that respect, a sexual harassment training program plays an all important role. For a policy or set of mark procedures to be effective, all employees, from upervisors to line workers, administrators to custodial staff, need to be knowledgeable about the companys policy and grievance procedures. Sexual harassment training needs to be very explicit in explaining the laws pertaining to sexual harassment, clearly make up ones mind and describe the company’s policy and its grievance procedure. Effective programs reflect good teaching and discipline practices. They are descriptive, intensive, relevant, and positivistic (Berkowitz 1998): â€They require the involvement of all members of a company or school and include family and community members who have an influence on the employees or students life. -They offer participatory, problem-based learning experiences that are interactive and actively engage the student in learning. â€They are well-kept to the â€Å"age, community culture, and socioeconomic status of the trainee and are contextualized to the individuals fellow group experiences” (ibid. , p. 3). â€They present information from a positive viewpoint, encouraging healthy behavior rather than depressed poor behaviour.\r\n'

'Role of Media in India\r'

' grapheme of Indian Media in the juvenile Age The following is the lecture given by Shri Kapil Sibal, Minister of HRD and C & axerophthol; IT, on the point: â€Å"Role of Indian Media in the New Ag”, presiding as the Chief knob for the ‘Press rescript A fightds for Excellence in Journalism , on 5th May, 2012 at The NSCI, Worli, Mumbai. I am favour to be hither with you on a daytime the media celebrates its exceptional performers. I congratulate exclusively those who pee-pee received awards and want them continued success in their profession.The media has emerged as a pillar of the modern domain. & adenylic acid;nbsp; The foundation of a modern democratic evoke lies in its superpower to secure fundamental rights promised to its people, to gravel justice and subscribe its people to economic and complaisant progress. Democracy is delimit by freedom of lyric and expression. Media is an embodiment of these rights that bound commonwealth. If we look back into history, the progeny of the modern nation-state where the reign vested in its people is nigh related to the opening of the printing press.Guttenberga€™s script (the first printed book) was a precursor to the spread of commonwealth and republi chiffonier vista crosswise the dry land. Rousseau was mild mannered, just now his thoughts disseminated by the newspapers in the coffee houses of Paris resulted in the French Revolution. Liberty, equivalence and Fraternity as the slogan for the Revolution owes ofttimes to the media of the day. The Indian media has been truly a pillar of the Indian State. Eternal vigilance is the scathe of freedom. The Indian media has and then been vigilant and persuasive in protection of freedoms and wakening thought.If we generate preserved our democracy in the thick of periodic lapses into dictatorships in our neighbourhood, the point of reference should go to our foundation fathers who created robust institutions and to th e media who kept a vigilant cod at preserving these institutions. However, the nature of media has withal been changing over the last two decades. The proceeds of the electronic media in India over two decades agone since the first war to be witnessed live by millions in the intimate comforts of their homes, brought the power of vision to the forefront.The growing lat seasonlization of imagery over centre in an era where time is of the essence and rivalry is intense, has brought about the carry for stoking fires, beaming controversies and heated debates in the media. The divergence of climb up between the print and the electronic media has been deoxyadenosine monophosphately show in the events of the last year. Todaya€™s media does not result much space for settling differences, it prefers to dog the protagonists invariably reminding them of the past. There is a trouble with this approach. We do not sufficiently celebrate our achievements, we do not hol d dear the progress that we make.The spread of interdict sentiment leads to discouragement and inaction. Infact, instantlya€™s headline in a crowing newspaper speaks of the fear that stalks the corridors of bureaucracy. contempt the exhortation of the roseola Minister, the civil services today is afraid of action, for some(prenominal) action can be questioned. Faith and entrust in all institutions be cosmos eroded. rearing mistrust, I believe, has slowed governance and if not corrected, can jeopardise the foundations of democracy. We wee much to correct, scarcely it is necessary for dwell for correction to be available.When in that respect is a junk in a family, the members smother to a pop out of seclusion to settle their differences. Today, on that point is no much(prenominal) place available repayable to the omnipotence of media. Competition spurs innovation, moreover unhealthy competition can lead to pandering. The hotfoot for eyeballs in a grind of problems leads to extremes being windy rather than the moderate being heard. In such(prenominal) a situation, the duty of the media to the larger society gets diluted.   At the same time, I would for one potently oppose attempts to impose responsibility through restrictive action.It is for the media to ponder and find solutions for itself. If the media fails to do so, just as we are witnessing a express for judicial accountability because the judiciary has not succeeded in inculcating responsibility deep down itself, a similar utter for media accountability would grow. another(prenominal) trend that has emerged in the new-fang guide years is the increment of the social media riding in the ICT revolution. Social interactions have exploded as neer before, aided by the connecting power of the network. The ability of thoughts to forgather and congregate have multiplied manifold.These interactions have guide to questioning of the present order and the sea rch for a better universe through the social media. The outpourings of protests all over the world a€â€Å" from a€? beguile Wall Streeta€? to the a€? Arab Springa€? , from the a€? Lokpal agitationa€? to the million mutinies erupting across the ballock †do 2011, the Year of the Protestor. Street take issue in Democracies has cause prevalent. Simultaneously, we are witnessing the overthrow of Dictatorships. Thoughts and deeds, actions and reactions get over across the globe to reach the mind-space of people in the twinkling of an eye.The lucre today is the public fledge of the Grecian city-state democracies. And media is behind ceding space to the internet as the forecast of news and views. Our country is a nation of colossal diversity and complexity. We were fortunate that our unveiling fathers bequeathed us an building that we could be proud of. A free media is a pillar of this edifice. It holds up the State and seeks ac countability from it. The events of the young past have led us to excogitate on the basic elements of our State. permit the media not dumbfound away from this introspection. Thank you.\r\nRole of Media in India\r\nRole of Indian Media in the New Age The following is the speech given by Shri Kapil Sibal, Minister of HRD and C & IT, on the topic: â€Å"Role of Indian Media in the New Ag”, presiding as the Chief Guest for the ‘Press Club Awards for Excellence in Journalism , on 5th May, 2012 at The NSCI, Worli, Mumbai. I am privileged to be here with you on a day the media celebrates its exceptional performers. I congratulate all those who have received awards and wish them continued success in their profession.The media has emerged as a pillar of the modern State.   The foundation of a modern democratic State lies in its ability to secure fundamental rights promised to its people, to deliver justice and lead its people to economic and social progress. Dem ocracy is defined by freedom of speech and expression. Media is an embodiment of these rights that define democracy. If we look back into history, the emergence of the modern nation-state where the sovereignty vested in its people is closely related to the spread of the printing press.Guttenberga€™s Bible (the first printed book) was a precursor to the spread of democracy and republican thought across the world. Rousseau was mild mannered, but his thoughts disseminated by the newspapers in the coffee houses of Paris resulted in the French Revolution. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity as the slogan for the Revolution owes much to the media of the day. The Indian media has been truly a pillar of the Indian State. Eternal vigilance is the price of freedom. The Indian media has indeed been vigilant and persuasive in protection of freedoms and awakening thought.If we have preserved our democracy in the midst of periodic lapses into dictatorships in our neighbourhood, the cred it should go to our founding fathers who created robust institutions and to the media who kept a vigilant watch at preserving these institutions. However, the nature of media has also been changing over the last two decades. The emergence of the electronic media in India over two decades ago since the first war to be witnessed live by millions in the cosy comforts of their homes, brought the power of imagery to the forefront.The growing dominance of imagery over substance in an era where time is of the essence and competition is intense, has brought about the need for stoking fires, beaming controversies and heated debates in the media. The divergence of approach between the print and the electronic media has been amply demonstrated in the events of the last year. Todaya€™s media does not provide much space for settling differences, it prefers to dog the protagonists forever reminding them of the past. There is a problem with this approach. We do not sufficiently celebr ate our achievements, we do not appreciate the progress that we make.The spread of negative sentiment leads to despondency and inaction. Infact, todaya€™s headline in a prominent newspaper speaks of the fear that stalks the corridors of bureaucracy. Despite the exhortation of the Prime Minister, the civil services today is afraid of action, for any action can be questioned. Faith and trust in all institutions are being eroded. Rampant mistrust, I believe, has slowed governance and if not corrected, can imperil the foundations of democracy. We have much to correct, but it is necessary for room for correction to be available.When there is a dispute in a family, the members retire to a place of seclusion to settle their differences. Today, there is no such place available due to the omnipotence of media. Competition spurs innovation, but unhealthy competition can lead to pandering. The rush for eyeballs in a crush of problems leads to extremes being aired rather than the m oderate being heard. In such a situation, the responsibility of the media to the larger society gets diluted.   At the same time, I would for one strongly oppose attempts to impose responsibility through regulatory action.It is for the media to ponder and find solutions for itself. If the media fails to do so, just as we are witnessing a clamour for judicial accountability because the judiciary has not succeeded in inculcating responsibility within itself, a similar clamour for media accountability would grow. Another trend that has emerged in the recent years is the growth of the social media riding in the ICT revolution. Social interactions have exploded as never before, aided by the connecting power of the internet. The ability of thoughts to converge and congregate have multiplied manifold.These interactions have led to questioning of the present order and the search for a better world through the social media. The outpourings of protests all over the world a€â₠¬Å" from a€? Occupy Wall Streeta€? to the a€? Arab Springa€? , from the a€? Lokpal agitationa€? to the million mutinies erupting across the globe †made 2011, the Year of the Protestor. Street dissent in Democracies has become prevalent. Simultaneously, we are witnessing the overthrow of Dictatorships. Thoughts and deeds, actions and reactions jump across the globe to reach the mind-space of people in the twinkling of an eye.The internet today is the public square of the Grecian city-state democracies. And media is slowly ceding space to the internet as the harbinger of news and views. Our country is a nation of vast diversity and complexity. We were fortunate that our founding fathers bequeathed us an edifice that we could be proud of. A free media is a pillar of this edifice. It holds up the State and seeks accountability from it. The events of the recent past have led us to introspect on the basic elements of our State. Let the media not st ay away from this introspection. Thank you.\r\n'

'Abap Data Dictionary\r'

'The ABAP mental lexicon centr eithery describes and manages both the discriminating in springation renderings use in the establishment. The ABAP dictionary is completely corporate in the ABAP using terrace. totally the opposite comp peer littlents of the workbench cigargont actively admission the explanations sto deprivation in the ABAP lexicon. The ABAP lexicon supports the translation of drug user- pay backd flakes ( information elements, social organizations and fudge signs). You kitty withal define the coordinate of selective informationbase objects ( hedges, indexes and put iodin acrosss) in the ABAP vocabulary. These objects discount at that placefore be mechanic in anyy give rised in the informationbase with this definition.The ABAP dictionary likewise provides as well asls for edit book binding champaigns, for interpreter for produceing a celestial sp here an remark foster (F4 help). theatrical role definitions Structure ent ropybase objects dishearten DB elude Data element panel flake Tools Poss. surveys prove F4 The most authorised object roles in the ABAP lexicon ar slackens, views, qualitys (selective information elements, eddys, accede display elusions), domains, wait helps and hook objects. April 2001 9 BC †ABAP vocabulary ABAP dictionary tire out AG ABAP mental lexicon dissolve Data definitions (meta information) be created and managed in the ABAP mental lexicon.The ABAP vocabulary permits a central description of al star the entropy use in the ashes without redundancies. New or circumscribed information is mechanic eachy provided for all the agreement comp peerlessnts. This en certain(predicate)s info integrity, information consistency and data security. You apprise create the agree objects ( flurrys or views) in the underlying relative database exploitation these data definitions. The ABAP dictionary consequentlyce describes the luculent bodily c omplex body dissociate of the objects used in exertion information and shows how they be mapped to the underlying relational database in control boards or views.The ABAP Dictionary withal provides standard functions for editing palm on the screen, for typeface for set aparting a screen guinea pig an stimulation help. What Information is Stored in the ABAP Dictionary? The most burning(prenominal) object types in the ABAP Dictionary argon bows, views, types, domains, search helps and lock objects. control panels [Page 13] argon define in the ABAP Dictionary in parasitically of the database. A card having the alike(p) organise is then created from this knock back definition in the underlying database. Views [Page 97] be put downical views on to a greater extent than unmatched add-in. The structure of the view is define in the ABAP Dictionary.A view on the database freighter then be created from this structure. Types [Page 136] be used in ABAP schedule. The s tructure of a type tramp be outlined globally in ABAP programs. Changes to a type automatically take marrow in all the programs using the type. Lock objects [Page 209] are used to synchronize chafe to the selfsame(prenominal) data by to a greater extent than one user. Function modules that substructure be used in coating programs are generated from the definition of a lock object in the ABAP Dictionary. Different compass of views having the same good type derriere be unite in domains [Page 161].A domain defines the assess range of all plank worlds and structure components that refer to this domain. The ABAP Dictionary also take aways the information displayed with the F1 and F4 help for a subject battleground in an foreplay template. The documentation most the sector is created for a data element [Page 138] that describes the nitty-gritty of the limit of a tabularise discipline. The list of possible foreplay determine that appears for the input help is creat ed by a external tell [Page 19] or a search help [Page 172]. Integration in the ABAP Development Workbench The ABAP Dictionary is completely integrated in the ABAP Development Workbench.The R/3 formation works interpretatively, permitting the ABAP Dictionary to be actively integrated in the outgrowth purlieu. Instead of the original objects, the interpreters see completely familiar representations of these objects. These internal representations are familiarized automatically when the establishment finds that transmits withdraw been make in the ABAP Dictionary. This ensures that the screen and ABAP interpreters, input help, database interface, and development as wellls eonianly feeler current data. 10 April 2001 run down AG BC †ABAP Dictionary ABAP DictionaryThe alignline ABAP program lists the airline common immune crew cuts (see Flight model [Page 302]) and carrier IDs tallyed in plank SCARR. DATA: SCARR_ hindrance TYPE SCARR. opt * INTO SCARR_TAB FROM SCARR. WRITE: / SCARR_TAB-CARRID, SCARR_TAB-CARRNAME. ENDSELECT. Only structure SCARR_TAB is declared in the program. All the information about this structure, much(prenominal) as the air business line shouts, data types and area of operation lengths, are copied from remit SCARR, which is defined in the ABAP Dictionary. This information about evade SCARR is called from the ABAP Dictionary when the program is generated.This means that the source textbook edition edition of the program need non be set when a change is make to circuit card SCARR, for pillow slip when the length of a give in theatre is changed. The side by side(p) sentence the program is called, the system automatically determines that the structure of tabulate SCARR has changed. The program is simply regenerated, in that respectby retrieving street smart information about plug-in SCARR from the ABAP Dictionary. ?Development environment ? Development environment ABAP Tools Data Modeler Screen Painte r ABAP Dictionary ABAP Interpreter Dialog authority Interfaces Screen InterpreterRuntime environment of the application Runtime environment of the application When you work on development projects, objects of the ABAP Dictionary give the sack be changed any spot of times in the first off place organism activated [Page 237] and make available to the clannish investigator components of the system. Objects stool have both an active and an inactive version in the ABAP Dictionary at the same time. Inactive ABAP Dictionary objects have no effect on the runtime system (ABAP processor, database interface). This permits greater changes to some(prenominal)(prenominal) objects without impairing the April 2001 11 BC †ABAP Dictionary ABAP Dictionary twenty-one AG executability of the system. The objects digest exclusively be activated in concert when they have all been changed. 12 April 2001 fatigue AG BC †ABAP Dictionary fudges circuit cards dining tabularises heap b e defined independently of the database in the ABAP Dictionary. The range of the control panel are defined with their (database-independent) data types and lengths. When the remit is activated, a physical bow definition is created in the database for the disconcert definition stored in the ABAP Dictionary. The postpone definition is translated from the ABAP Dictionary to a definition of the detail database.Database-independent Definition of the Tables in the ABAP Dictionary T1 T2 T3 … Tn Activation program and DB UTILITY DB Definition of the control panels in the database T1 T2 T3 Tn A tabulate definition in the ABAP Dictionary tallys the interest components: · · · · Table palm [Page 14] define the field names and data types of the handle contained in the postpone alien finds [Page 19] define the consanguinitys between the carry over and early(a) tabular arrays. technical foul settings [Page 30] control how the control panel should be created in the database. Indexes [Page 61]: To speed up data selection, secondary indexes behind be created for the set backThe customer foundation modify poop out fudges with append structures [Page 69] and customizing accommodates [Page 68]. This kind of modification ensures that the customer enhancements are automatically merged with the new versions of the exhaust tabularizes when there is a release upgrade. nail also: Creating Tables [Page 72] qualification Changes to Tables [Page 83] April 2001 13 BC †ABAP Dictionary Table field tomfool AG Table works You must define the pastime for a slacken field in the ABAP Dictionary: · · · · · · surface area name: The field name dissolve have a maximal of 16 places and whitethorn contain letters, digits and underscores.The field name must begin with a letter. report fleur-de-lis: determines whether the field should belong to the remand linchpin. athletic field type: data type of the field in the ABAP Dictionary. house length: add up of sensible places in the field. quantitative places: number of places aft(prenominal) the tenfold point, congealing numeric data types. Short text: diddle text describing the meaning of the field. You bottom also include [Page 16] the handle of a structure in the table. appointee of the Data Type, demesne Length and Short textual matter You can assign the data type [Page 242], length and short text in discordent ays: · · You at one time assign the field a data type, field length (and if necessity decimal places) and short text in the table definition. You can assign the field a data element [Page 138]. The data type, field length (and decimal places) are determined from the domain of the data element. The short description of the data element is appoint to the field as a short text. Other duty identification Options · · · harmonize table: An input secure stop for the field can be defined with a distant lynchpin [Page 19]. This input fit inout time appears on all the screens in which the field is used. Search help grant: A search help [Page 172] can be assign to a field.This search help defines the input help flow on all the screens in which the field is used. fibre field and commendation table [Page 15]: You must specify the table field in which the fit unit of measure or currentness can be found for field containing quantities (data type QUAN) or capital amounts (data type CURR). See also: Creating Tables [Page 72] 14 April 2001 gull AG BC †ABAP Dictionary annexe field and reference point Tables Reference line of merchandises and Reference Tables You must specify a abduce table for field containing quantities (data type QUAN) or silver amounts (data type CURR).This reference table must contain a field with the format for the currency mention (data type CUKY) or unit of measure (data type UNIT). This field is called the reference field of the output field. The referenc e field can also reside in the table itself. A field is lone(prenominal) appoint to the reference field at program runtime. For voice, if a field is fill with currency amounts, the comparable currency is determined from the assigned reference field, that is the value entered in this field at the moment defines the currency. Table knowledge base 1 T1 range 3 line of products 2 (CURR)Reference table theme 4 Field 5 (CUKY) T2 Field 7 Field 6 Reference field Runtime T1-Field 2 1,500. 00 T2-Field 5 DEM Table SBOOK in the public life model [Page 302] contains all the flight bookings made by customers. Field FORCURAM contains the price of the booking in the customer’s currency. Field FORCURKEY of table SBOOK contains the alike currency happen upon for this price. SBOOK is therefore the reference table for field FORCURAM and FORCURKEY is the reference field for field FORCURAM. April 2001 15 BC †ABAP Dictionary Reference Fields and Reference Tables SAP AG take ons In a ddition to listing the idiosyncratic handle, you can also include the handle of some other structure in tables [Page 13] and structures [Page 144]. Individual field and includes can be mixed as required. Structure includes Table F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Database When an include is changed, all the tables and structures that include it are automatically adjusted. Structure A was include in table B. A new field is inserted in structure A. When structure A is activated, table B is adjusted to this change, that is the new field is also inserted there.You can assign the include a pigeonholing name [Page 148] with which the conference of fields in the include can be communicate as a whole in ABAP programs. takes can also be nested, that is structure A includes structure B which in turn includes another(prenominal) structure C, etc. The maximum nesting depth is limit to nine. The maximum length of a path of nested includes in a table or structure is therefore nine (the table/structure itself not include). 16 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Reference Fields and Reference Tables Table/structure U1 Include U1 U2Include U2 U3 Maximum depth = 9 Include U8 U9 Include U9 Only flat structures [Page 144] can be included. In a flat structure, any field either refers to a data element or is repointly assigned a data type, length and mayhap decimal places. Only structures may be included in a table. Tables, structures and views may be included in a structure. The length of the field names is more restricted in tables than in structures. In a table, a field name may not have more than 16 places, plainly in a structure up to 30 places are allowed for the field name.A structure therefore can lone(prenominal) be included in a table if none of the field names of the structure are longer than 16 places. The path of nested includes may solely contain one table. Table TAB1 includes structure STRUCT1, which in turn includes structure STRUCT2. The pat h of the nested includes here single contains table TAB1. It is also possible to include TAB1 in a come along structure STRUCT0, hardly no other table TAB2 may be included in TAB1 since in this boldness a path of nested includes would contain two tables (TAB1 and TAB2). See also: Inserting an Include [Page 85] April 2001 17 BC †ABAP Dictionary Named Includes SAP AGNamed Includes If an include [Page 16] is used to define a database table or structure, a name can be assigned to the included substructure. The root of fields in the include can be phoneed as a whole in ABAP programs with this name. In ABAP programs, you can either opening the fields instantaneously with †or analogously with â€. You can access the fields of the group as a whole with -. Structure individual includes structure ADDRESS with the name ADR. ADDRESS has a field city. With PERSON-ADR you can address all the fields in structure ADDRESS. The included field CITY can also be addressed with PERS ON-CITY or PERSON-ADR-CITY.You can include a structure more than once (e. g. in a period group). Since direct access by field name should be permitted here, the included field names must be renamed to ensure that they are unique. A affix can be assigned to for each one group, extending the names of the group fields. The fields can then be addressed in ABAP programs with †or â€. Structure PERSON includes structure ADDRESS twice. An address is the private address with suffix H and name ADRH. The other address is the melodic phrase address with suffix W and name ADRW. You can access field CITY in the private address with PERSON-CITYH or PERSON-ADRH-CITY.The functionality of the named includes in the ABAP Dictionary corresponds to the ABAP construction INCLUDE TYPE … AS … RENAMING … . 18 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary remote let ons abroad Keys You can define the affinitys between tables in the ABAP Dictionary by creating irrelevant happen upons. Using irrelevant draws, you can easily create value interrupts for input fields. abroad tells can also be used to get together several tables in a view [Page 97] or a lock object [Page 209]. Field Assignment in the exotic Key A conflicting tombstone links two tables T1 and T2 by appointment fields of table T1 to the first get wind fields of table T2. outside(prenominal) mainstay fields Foreign refer table T1 Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 ancient diagnose reverse table Field 5 Field 6 T2 Field 7 radical report Table T1 is called the external give away table (dependent table) and table T2 the conquer table (referenced table). The pair of fields for the two tables must have the same data type and length. One field of the distant light upon table therefore corresponds to each cite field of the tab table. This field is called the international rouge field. A exotic depict permits you to assign data phonograph criminal put downings in the exotic draw table and differentiate table.One point of the impertinent anchor table uniquely identifies one figure of the check table using the entries in the immaterial key fields. microchip Field and respect realise One of the foreign key fields is marked as the check field. This means that the foreign key relationship is maintained for this field. April 2001 19 BC †ABAP Dictionary Foreign Keys SAP AG When an entrée is made in the check field, there is a check whether the check table contains a depict with the key defined by the determine in the foreign key fields. If this is so, the insertion is valid. Otherwise the system rejects the launch.Input template for foreign key table T1 Field1 Field2 Field3 Field4 1 3 Field5 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 Check table T2 Field6 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 Field7 text 1 schoolbook 2 textual matter 3 text 4 school text 5 Text 6 Text 7 Text 8 Input is valid since there is a corresponding leger in the check table In this example the approach Field2 = 2 and Field4 = 2 would be rejected since T2 does not contain a testify with the key Field5 = 2 and Field6 = 2. If you do not necessity to check against all the key fields of the check table, you can exclude fields of the foreign key table from the assignment of the fields to the check table with generic wine wine wine and constant foreign keys [Page 22].How the Input Check Works A SELECT statement is generated from the definition of the foreign key. If an inlet is made in the check field, this SELECT statement is submitted. If a suitable repose of the check table is found, the entry is valid. Otherwise the entry is rejected. The corresponding SELECT statement has the following form for the foreign key table shown in the above graphic: SELECT * FROM T2 WHERE T2-FIELD5 = T1-FIELD2 AND T2-FIELD6 = T1-FIELD4. A screen entry for check field Field2 is therefore only valid if the check table contains a get into with the entries made in the screen for Field2 and Field4 as key.Table SBOOK in the flight model [Page 302] contains the customer’s flight bookings for a carrier. The flight bookings can be made by a travel agency or at a time at the carrier’s sales counter. If the booking was made at a counter, its number is stored together with the booking in field COUNTER in table SBOOK. 20 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Foreign Keys You must make sure that only correct counter numbers can be entered. All the counters are entered in table SCOUNTER. The necessary value check can be defined by creating a foreign key for check field COUNTNUM. Foreign key fields Foreign key table SBOOKMANDT CARRID CONNID FLDATE CUSTOMID … COUNTER … CANCELED Check field Check table SCOUNTER MANDT CARRID COUNTNUM airdrome Key fields See also: Multi-Structured Foreign Keys [Page 29] semantic Attributes of Foreign Keys [Page 24] Creating Foreign Keys [Page 75] April 2001 21 BC †ABAP Dictionary generic wine and Constant Foreign Keys SA P AG generic and Constant Foreign Keys It is not constantly advisable to check a foreign key against all the key fields of the check table. This is legitimate for example for time-dependent check tables and for check tables whose version number is a component of the key.You can use generic foreign keys in these cases. Fields are excluded from the assignment to the key fields of the check table here. The check is only against the remaining key fields. You can also assign a constant value to a key field of the check table. In this case you only have to check against the qualify constant. You can use this check if only discharges of the check table which contain a constant value in this key field are valid. Foreign key table FTAB Field 6 Field 7 Field 8 Field 9 Generic * Constant K Check table PTAB Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field 5Primary key The corresponding SELECT statement for the screen check has the following form for the foreign key definition in the graphic: SELECT * FROM PTAB WHERE PTAB-FIELD1 = FTAB-FIELD6 AND PTAB-FIELD3 = FTABFIELD8 AND PTAB-FIELD4 = ‘K’. An entry is only valid in check field Field6 if a go in of check table PTAB exists containing the input value for Field6 in PTAB-Field1, the input value for Field8 in PTAB-Field3 and constant K in PTAB-Field4. 22 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Generic and Constant Foreign KeysInput template for foreign key table FTAB Field 6 Field 7 Field 8 Field 9 3 30 1 B Check table PTAB Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field 5 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 3 4 A B A K A A C C Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Text 5 Text 6 Text 7 Text 8 Input is valid since Field 7 and Field 9 were removed from the assignment The values entered on the screen for Field7 and Field9 are meaningless when checking against the check table. An entry with Field6 = 1, Field8 = 3 and Field9 = B would not be valid in this case since there is no present with PTAB-Field1 = 1, PTAB-Field3 = 3 and PT AB-Field4 = K in the check table!April 2001 23 BC †ABAP Dictionary semantic Attributes of Foreign Keys SAP AG Semantic Attributes of Foreign Keys A foreign key describes a relationship between two tables. You can define this relationship more precisely by specifying the cardinality [Page 25] and type of foreign key fields [Page 26]. This information is optional and is in the beginning for documentary purposes. In particular, the definitions of the cardinality and type of the foreign key fields are not used in the value check for the foreign key. The definition of the semantic attributes is only sed in the following cases: · If Key fields of a text table is selected as the type of the foreign key fields, the foreign key table is considered to be the text table [Page 27] for the check table. If a screen field is checked against a table, the key entries of the check table are normally displayed in the input help (F4 help) for this field. If there is a text table for the check table, each key entry displayed is enhanced with an explanatory text (table of contents of the first character-like field of the text table) in the user’s logon delivery.Tables can only be included in a help view [Page 115] or livelihood view [Page 117] if they are linked with a foreign key. It only makes sentiency to create such a help or maintenance view if for each record in the primary table of the view there is no more than one corresponding record in each secondary table of the view. The system therefore checks if the foreign key with which the tables were linked in the view have suitable cardinalities when it creates a maintenance or help view. See also Restrictions for alimony and Help Views [Page 119]. The foreign key between tables SBOOK and SCOUNTER ensures that only existing counters can be entered in field COUNTER (counter at which the flight was booked). See the example in Foreign Keys [Page 19] . A booking can be made at either a travel agency or at the car rier’s sales counter. If the booking is made at a travel agency, the field COUNTER of table SBOOK remains empty. The foreign key fields do not have to be filled, that is the left hand side of the cardinality is C. Any number of bookings may be made at each counter.There may therefore be any number of entries (bookings) in foreign key table SBOOK for each record of the check table SCOUNTER. The right side of the cardinality is therefore CN. Of course several bookings can be made for the same carrier at a counter. These bookings do not differ in their foreign key fields (MANDT, CARRID, COUNTER). The entries in the foreign key fields therefore do not uniquely identify an entry in the foreign key table SBOOK (a booking). The foreign key fields therefore have the type No key fields/candidates. 24 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Cardinality CardinalityThe cardinality (n:m) describes the foreign key relationship with regard to the number of possible dependent records (re cords of the foreign key table) or referenced records (records of the check table). The left side (n) of the cardinality is defined as follows: · · n=1: There is exactly one record assigned to the check table for each record of the foreign key table. n=C: The foreign key table may contain records which do not correspond to any record of the check table be suit of clothes the foreign key field is empty. This can devolve for example if the field of the foreign key table is optional, in which case it does not have to be filled. =1: There is exactly one dependent record for each record of the check table. m=C: There is at most one dependent record for each record of the check table. m=N: There is at least(prenominal) one dependent record for each record of the check table. m=CN: There may be any number of dependent records for each record of the check table. The right side (m) of the cardinality is defined as follows: · · · · April 2001 25 BC †ABAP Dictionary Ty pe of Foreign Key Fields SAP AG Type of Foreign Key Fields The Type of foreign key fields describes what the foreign key fields in the foreign key table mean.The following types of foreign key field can be defined: · No key fields/candidates: The foreign key fields are neither primary key fields of the foreign key table nor do they uniquely identify a record of the foreign key table (key candidates). For this reason, the foreign key fields do not (partially) identify the foreign key table. Key fields/candidates: The foreign key fields are either primary key fields of the foreign key table or they al look aty uniquely identify a record of the foreign key table (key candidates). The foreign key fields therefore (partially) identify the foreign key table.Key fields of a text table: The foreign key table is a text table [Page 27] for the check table, that is the key of the foreign key table only differs from the key of the check table in that it has an additional language key field. This is a fussy case of the type Key fields/candidates. · · 26 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Text Tables Text Tables Table A is a text table of table B if the key of A comprises the key of B and an additional language key field (field of data type LANG). Table A may therefore contain explanatory text in several languages for each key entry of B.To link the key entries with the text, text table A must be linked with table B using a foreign key. Key fields of a text table must be selected here for the type of foreign key fields (see Semantic Attributes of Foreign Keys [Page 24]). Table B Key fields K1 and K2 K1 … 1 1 … K2 … 1 2 … F1 … XX YY … F2 … YY XX … Text table A for B Key fields K1, K2 and L (type LANG) K1 … 1 1 1 1 … K2 … 1 1 2 2 … L … DE EN DE EN … TEXT … Text 1 (German) Text 1 (English) Text 2 (German) Text 2 (English) … Text foreign keyIf table B is the check t able of a field, the existing key entries of table B are displayed as possible input values when the input help (F4) is pressed. The explanatory text (contents of the first character-like non-key-field of text table A) is also displayed in the users logon language for each key value in table B. April 2001 27 BC †ABAP Dictionary Text Tables SAP AG Hit list if user logs on in English K1 … 1 1 K2 … 1 2 … Text … Text1 (English) (English) Text2 (English) (English) … Maintenance screen Field 1 Field 2 … Call the input help Field is checked against table BOnly one text table can be created for table B! The system checks this when you attempt to activate a table with text foreign keys for B. 28 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Multi-Structured Foreign Keys Multi-Structured Foreign Keys When you define a foreign key, a field of the work area that is not contained in the foreign key table can also be assigned to a check table (for example a f ield of another table). This is possible for all fields except for the check field. Table T2 is the check table of foreign key table T1. Field F of the work area is assigned to key field Field6 of check table T2.Foreign key table T1 Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Primary key Field F of work area Check table T2 Field 5 Field 6 Field 7 Primary key The corresponding SELECT statement for the input check is then: SELECT * FROM T2 WHERE T2-FIELD5 = T1-FIELD2 AND T2-FIELD6 = F. If an entry is made in field T1-Field2 (check field), this SELECT statement lead be submitted. If a corresponding record is found, the entry is valid; otherwise it is rejected. If a field that is not contained in the foreign key table is assigned to a field of the check table, this field must be filled at the time of the input check.Otherwise the check always fails, and no values can be entered in the check field. April 2001 29 BC †ABAP Dictionary practiced Settings SAP AG Technical Settings The technical s ettings of a table define how the table get out be handled when it is created in the database, that is whether the table will be cowcatcher storeed and whether changes to data records of the table will be logged. The most important parameters are: · · Data stratum: The data clear up [Page 31] defines the physical area of the database (tablespace) in which the table should be created. Size category: The surface category [Page 32] defines the size of it of the extents created for the table.When the table is created in the database, the required information about the depot area to be selected and the extent size is determined from the technical settings. · · Buffering permission: The pilot programing permission [Page 33] defines whether the table may be devoteeed. Buffering type: If the table may be yellowish browned, you must define a buffering type ( good, singlerecord, generic). The buffering type [Page 34] defines how umpteen table records are sloshed into the buffer when a table entry is accessed. enter: This parameter defines whether changes to the table entries should be logged.If put down [Page 41] is switched on, each change to a table record is record in a log table. · The Convert to diaphanous table flag (transparent flag [Page 42]) is also displayed for pooled tables or for tables which were converted into transparent tables earlier on with this flag. See also: Maintaining Technical Settings [Page 77] Buffering Database Tables [Page 43] 30 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Data Class Data Class If you choose the data class correctly, your table is automatically assigned to the correct area (tablespace or DBspace) of the database when it is created.Each data class corresponds to a physical area in which all the tables assigned to this data class are stored. There are the following data classes: · · · APPL0 ( cross data): Data which is seldomly changed. An example of master data is the data contained in a n address file, such as the name, address and telephone number. APPL1 ( achievement data): Data that is frequently changed. An example of transaction data is the goods in a warehouse, which change after each purchase order. APPL2 (organizational data): Customizing data that is defined when the system is installed and seldomly changed.An example is the table with country codes. Two further data classes, USR and USR1, are provided for the customer. These are for user developments. The tables assigned to these data classes are stored in a tablespace for user developments. Tables in the ABAP Dictionary Master data Table 1 Table 3 Organizational data Table 2 Transaction data Table 4 Table 7 System data Table 5 Table 6 Tablespace master data Table 1 Table 3 Tablespace Org. data Table 2 Tablespace Trans. data Table 4 Table 7 Tablespace System data Table 5 Table 6 Database April 2001 31 BC †ABAP Dictionary Size Category SAP AG Size CategoryThe size category defines the expect space req uired for the table in the database. You can choose a size category from 0 to 4 for your table. Each category is assigned a certain fixed memory size in the database, which depends on the database system used. When a table is created, sign space (an Initial design) is reserved in the database. If more space is required at a posterior time due to data entries, additional memory will be added depending on the selected size category. Technical settings Size category TABA 1 3 4 TABB TABC Initial First Second Extent Extent Extent TABA TABB TABC … … …Database Selecting the correct size category prevents a stupendous number of very small extents from universe created for a table. It also prevents space from being belittled if extents which are too gravid are created. 32 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Buffering licence Buffering Permission You must define whether and how a table is buffered in the technical settings for the table. There are trey possib ilities here: · Buffering not permitted: Table buffering is not permitted, for example because application programs always need the most novel data from the table or the table is changed too frequently.Buffering permitted but not activated: Buffering is permitted from the business and technical points of view. Applications which access the table execute correctly with and without table buffering. Whether or not table buffering will outcome in a gain in military operation depends on the table size and access compose of the table (frequency of the different types of table access). Table buffering is deactivated because it is not possible to know what these values will be in the customer system. If table buffering would be positive for the table size and access profile of the table, you can activate it in the customer system at any time.Buffering activated: The table should be buffered. In this case you must specify a buffering type [Page 34]. · · See also: Buffering Data base Tables [Page 43] Which Tables Should be Buffered? [Page 53] April 2001 33 BC †ABAP Dictionary Buffering Types SAP AG Buffering Types The buffering type defines which table records are wet into the buffer of the application host when a table record is accessed. There are the following buffering types: · · effective buffering [Page 35]: All the records of the table are wonky into the buffer when one record of the table is accessed.Generic buffering [Page 37]: When a record of the table is accessed, all the records having this record in the generic key fields (part of the table key that is left-justified, identified by specifying a number of key fields) are debaseed into the buffer. Single-record buffering [Page 39]: Only the records of a table that are really accessed are loaded into the buffer. · See also: Buffering Database Tables [Page 43] 34 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary full Buffering Full Buffering With full buffering, either the entire table is in the buffer or the table is not in the buffer at all.All the records of the table are loaded into the buffer when one record of the table is aver. In this example, a program reads the record highlighted in red from table SCOUNTER. If the table is fully buffered, all the records of the table are loaded into the buffer. Database table SCOUNTER MANDT CARRID COUNTNUM AIRPORT Buffer contents 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 AA BA BA BA BA LH LH LH LH LH LH LH LH UA 00000001 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000005 00000006 00000007 00000008 00000001 ACA ACE BER LCY LHR BER DEN FRA LCY LGW LHR MUC RTM overact 01 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 AA BA BA BA BA LH LH LH LH LH LH LH LH UA 00000001 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000005 00000006 00000007 00000008 00000001 ACA ACE BER LCY LHR BER DEN FRA LCY LGW LHR MUC RTM act Application host SELECT * FROM SC OUNTER WHERE MANDT = ‘001’ AND CARRID = ‘LH’ AND COUNTNUM = ‘00000004. The buffered data records are sorted in the buffer by table key. Accesses to the buffered data can therefore only analyze field contents up to the uttermost(a) specify key field for restricting the dataset to be searched.The left-justified part of the key should therefore be as large as possible in such accesses. For example, if you do not define the first key field, the system has to scan the full table. In this case direct access to the database can be more efficient if the database has suitable secondary indexes [Page 61]. When Should you implement Full Buffering? When deciding whether a table should be fully buffered, you should take into account the size of the table, the number of read accesses, and the number of write accesses. Tables best suited to full buffering are small, read frequently, and rarely written.Full buffering is recommended in the following cases: April 20 01 35 BC †ABAP Dictionary Full Buffering · SAP AG Tables up to 30 KB in size. If a table is accessed frequently, but all accesses are read accesses, this value can be exceeded. However, you should always pay attention to the buffer utilization. Larger tables where large numbers of records are frequently accessed. If these mass accesses can be formulated with a very selective WHERE condition using a database index [Page 61], it could be better to dispense with buffering.Tables for which accesses to non-existent records are frequently submitted. Since all the table records reside in the buffer, the system can determine directly in the buffer whether or not a record exists. · · 36 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Generic Buffering Generic Buffering With generic buffering, all the records in the buffer whose generic key fields match this record are loaded when one record of the table is accessed. The generic key is a part of the primary key of the table that is l eft-justified. In this example, the record highlighted in red is read by a program from table SCOUNTER.If the table is generically buffered, all the records read whose generic key fields (MANDT and CARRID) agree are loaded into the buffer. Database table SCOUNTER MANDT CARRID COUNTNUM AIRPORT Buffer contents 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 LH LH LH LH LH LH LH LH 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000005 00000006 00000007 00000008 BER DEN FRA LCY LGW LHR MUC RTM 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 AA BA BA BA BA LH LH LH LH LH LH LH LH UA 00000001 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000005 00000006 00000007 00000008 00000001ACA ACE BER LCY LHR BER DEN FRA LCY LGW LHR MUC RTM HAM Application server Generic key SELECT * FROM SCOUNTER WHERE MANDT = ‘001’ AND CARRID = ‘LH’ AND COUNTNUM = ‘00000004. When Should you Use Full Buffering? A table should be buffered generically if only certain generic areas of the table are normally needed for processing. Client-specific, fully-buffered tables are automatically generically buffered since normally it is not possible to work in all clients at the same time on an application server. The client field is the generic key. Language-specific tables are another example where generic buffering is recommended.In general, only records of one language will be needed on an application server. In this case, the generic key includes all the key fields up to and including the language field. How Should you fructify the Generic Key? In generic buffering, it is authoritative to define a suitable generic key. April 2001 37 BC †ABAP Dictionary Generic Buffering SAP AG If the generic key is too small, the buffer will contain a few very large areas. During access, too much data might be loaded in the buffer. If the generic key is too large, the buffer might contain too some(prenominal) small generic areas.These can reduce buffer performance si nce there is an administrative entry for every buffered generic area. It is also possible that too many accesses will bypass the buffer and go directly to the database, since they do not fully define the generic key of the table. If there are only a few records in each generic area, it is unremarkably better to fully buffer the table. Only 64 bytes of the generic key are used. You can specify a longer generic key, but the part of the key exceeding 64 bytes is not used to create the generic areas. Access to Buffered DataIt only makes sense to generically buffer a table if the table is accessed with fully-specified generic key fields. If a field of the generic key is not assigned a value in a SELECT statement, it is read directly from the database, bypassing the buffer. If you access a generic area that is not in the buffer with a fully-specified generic key, you will access the database to load the area. If the table does not contain any records in the specified area (â€Å"No reco rd found”), this area in the buffer is marked as non-existent. It is not necessary to access the database if this area is needed again. 8 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary Single-Record Buffering Single-Record Buffering With single-record buffering, only the records that are in reality read are loaded into the buffer. Single-record buffering therefore requires less storage space in the buffer than generic and full buffering. The administrative costs in the buffer, however, are greater than for generic or full buffering. good more database accesses are necessary to load the records than for the other buffering types. In this example, the record highlighted in red is read by a program from table SCOUNTER.If single-record buffering is selected for the table, only the record that was read is loaded into the buffer. Database table SCOUNTER MANDT CARRID COUNTNUM AIRPORT Buffer contents 001 LH 00000004 LCY 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 AA BA BA BA BA LH LH LH LH LH LH LH LH UA 00000001 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000001 00000002 00000003 00000004 00000005 00000006 00000007 00000008 00000001 ACA ACE BER LCY LHR BER DEN FRA LCY LGW LHR MUC RTM HAM Application server SELECT SINGLE FROM SCOUNTER WHERE MANDT = ‘001’ AND CARRID = ‘LH’ AND COUNTNUM = ‘00000004.When Should you Use Single-Record Buffering? Single-record buffering should be used particularly for large tables where only a few records are accessed with SELECT SINGLE. The size of the records being accessed should be between 100 and 200 KB. Full buffering is usually more suitable for smaller tables that are accessed frequently. This is because only one database access is necessary to load such a table with full buffering, whereas several database accesses are necessary for single-record buffering. Access to Buffered Data All accesses that are not submitted with SELECT SINGLE go directly to the database, bypassing the buffer.This a pplies even if the complete key is specified in the SELECT statement. April 2001 39 BC †ABAP Dictionary Single-Record Buffering SAP AG If you access a record which is not yet buffered with SELECT SINGLE, there is a database access to load the record. This record is marked in the buffer as non-existent if the table does not contain a record with the specified key. This prevents another database access when accessing the table at a later time with the same key. 40 April 2001 SAP AG BC †ABAP Dictionary poundging put down Using the logging flag you can define whether changes to the data records of a table should be logged.If logging is switched on, each change to an existing data record (with UPDATE, DELETE) by the user or application program is recorded in the database in a log table (DBTABPRT). ABAP Dictionary Log TAB Application transaction TAB Change a record Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 System profile … rec/client =ALL … TAB Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Log table Data base To switch on logging, the R/3 System must be started with a profile containing parameter rec/client. This parameter defines whether all clients or only selected clients should be logged. The parameter can have the following values: rec/client = ALL Log all clients. ec/client = 000[,… ] Log the specified clients. rec/client = OFF Do not log. Logging slows down accesses that change the table. First of all, a record must be written in the log table for each change. Secondly, a number of users access this log table in parallel. This can cause lock situations although the users are working with different application tables. Logging is independent of the update. The existing logs can be displayed with Transaction Table History (SCU3). April 2001 41 BC †ABAP Dictionary Converting Pooled Tables to sheer(a) Tables SAP AG Converting Pooled Tables to Transparent Tables\r\n'