You choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

You choose the topic - Essay standardIn Summa Theologiae, Aquinas makes an emphatic philosophical analysis to prove that divinity fudge exists, and his existence can be deduced from what is around, suggesting that Gods existence is self-evident and does not require any emphatic proofs. Therefore, from Aquinass philosophical arguments in Summa Theologia, the justness that cannot be cognise from existence can be known from a cause-effect relationship in that judging from what can be perceived, there has to be a higher order that causes what can be experienced in reality. The paper investigates Aquinas attempt to construct what is not known through that which is known in a cause-effect relationship to understand the existence of God.Aquinas borrows his main arguments from the Ontological argument of St. Anselm, who argued that God is the end beyond which nothing else can be conceived to exist. As such, God be the greatest being has to exist, for existence is much higher than non-ex istence. Consequently, Aquinas borrowed heavily from the existence of truth to explain that God exists. If the truth exists, then God being the absolute truth itself has to exist. The truth is self-evident in that there has to be that which is true and that which is false, suggesting that an absolute truth has to exist. Therefore, God exists in reality and is the direct cause of the truth, which can totally be attributed to him. Aquinas refers to John 146, which states that Am the truth the way and life. As such, though we whitethorn not know God, it is clear that the truth exists. The truth emanates from an absolute truth much higher than itself, which is a proof that God exists in reality.Aquinas argues that every whole is greater than its graphic symbols. As such, everything that exists is a part of some whole at which everything has to intersect to make whole. The thing that exists so that

Education - Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education - computer program - Essay ExampleResearch though different than evaluation is a necessary component of course evaluation. Curriculum evaluation is an ongoing process that does not begin at the end of program tar instead formative and summative evaluations be used conjointly to create a comprehensive view of the computer programme. Likewise, all those in contact with the curriculum from the teachers to the curriculum design specialist enact curriculum evaluation. This impersonate provides a functional example of curriculum evaluation in which all aspects of the curriculum be evaluated and analyze for program improvement. communicate the right questions requires understanding of the desired goals in each area of the curriculum. Evaluating educational goals hump with their objectives in each area are the first step in assessment of the curriculum. Curricular components that should be addressed areis the curriculum relevant, is there a balance in the curriculum, is t he curriculum integration desirable, is the curriculum properly sequenced, is there a continuity of programs, are learnings transferable, is the scope of the curriculum adequate, realistic, and are curricula well articulated between levels (Oliva, 2003)?Understanding the goals for curriculum and students in these areas is the first key to curriculum evaluation. The curriculum specialist must know the key component goals in order to evaluate effectiveness and areas of needs.Asking questions requires research and evaluation. It is important to note that although closely related, evaluation and research, in the curriculum evaluation process are separate tools that combine to create a functional analysis of a program. Evaluation is the process, which determines the effectiveness of a program. Evaluation answers questions such as is the scope of the curriculum realistic, is the sequence appropriate, is the curriculum age-appropriate, is the curriculum relevant

Should young children use computers in early childhood programs Essay

Should young nestlingren use information processing systems in early childhood programs - Essay ExampleThey practise these directions and learn a variety of things like dancing, dramatic play, parleys skill etc. The increased use of computers increases the communication power of children. Most preschools have the facility of computers. They teach children and direct them the ways to use it themselves. Computers help children to channelize in a social environment. While exploitation computer children develop two sorts of interactions. One is the children-computer interaction and the second is children-children interaction. Children-Computer interaction is developed when a kid involves himself in understanding the directions of the computer, when a child is underdeveloped the understanding the lines of the software and establishing the grasp on the hardware. And the Children-Children interaction is developed when the kid works in an environment where other children are also u sing the computer. The child works on the computer and connects his computer to the computer of his fellow to ask about his/her daily routine or to seek any help from him/her. Preschool kids canful use the computers easily with great proficiency when an appropriate software in accordance to the age of the child is installed. (Mayesky. 2002)Computers are effective for young children when this small box is changed to a coaching machine. Computers used by young children should be equipped with the elements which prove to be beneficial for them like joystick to handle directions effectively, gaming software, mathematics problem solving games, puzzles, and other entities. Computers increase the sense of control in these children. Computer is an superior medium for conversation for disabled and mentally retarded children. These children can interact with the outer world using this amazing device. Handicapped kids can learn the essential basic skills using computers. They can learn the knowledge of computer from their early ages and can further

Why it is important to support the National Rifle Association Essay

Why it is important to support the National Rifle companionship - Essay ExampleThese groups constantly portray our organization as champion that seeks to return this great farming to the Wild West era as we continue to lobby for each individuals right to bear arms. . do- nonhing(prenominal) gun owners have given our organization a bum rap over the years. The time has have sex to finally show people that the National Rifle Association is not an enemy but sooner an ally in the ask for peace and order when pertaining to certain settings.The National Rifle Association is not an advocate of violence. Rather, we advocate peaceful co-existence with the non-NRA groups that share similar beliefs with our organization. While these anti NRA groups constantly delve on the fact that we support gun ownership and the right to affair it when a threat to ones physical substantially - being is imminent as being a negative aspect of the group, the reality is that our organization does a great s ervice to our government since we in the private sector can worry about the casualty of fire arm misuse and its prevention with a much wider breadth of movement.Our organization has never been one to advocate gun violence. Having been founded in 1878, we have always advocated the use of proper use of guns in the quest for relaxation and the protection of life and private property. Our quest has always been to promote the proper handling and use of firearms in public settings. The NRA has not once ever advocated any course of action that could be deemed as an endorsement of gun violence. Rather, our 4.8 million member strong group has done its best to sponsor prudent gun ownership programs during a point in time when our police force is beginning to dwindle due to budgetary cuts and the option, or rather need, to protect ones self is of the boundary importance.With the spotlight once over again zeroing in on our organization due in no small part to the Trayvon Martin shooting, it has become of the utmost

Organisational behaviour and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational behaviour and development - turn out ExampleThis leads to new beliefs, assumptions and behaviors. In the last two decades companies have been subject to change in the immaterial environment in which technology plays an important role. This paper will discuss how technology influences the use of row in organizations for the right communication. manner of speaking is an important influence on the way social reality is constructed. Language is the external expression of the internal mindsets that define an organization (Butcher & Atkinson, 2001). Language is also strongly associated with power. Language lies at the heart of managerial action. Thus speech plays a role in organisational management and organizational change. Schein (n.d.) states that to manage internal integration and internal relationships, common oral communication is a major issue. To function cohesively as a group it is important to understand a common language. Language can comprise of gestures, ac tions and linguistic process which are understood by all. Conflict arises when two parties assume about each without proper communication. like a shot organizations use different technologies in improving internal integration and communication. These include radio, television, email, chat messages and SMS. Technology decidedly influences the language use but does not change everything. Technology influences language even in slipway which may not be very obvious. A metaphor all guns blazing is often use in organizations which implies that an action has been performed with energy or aggression (Moore, 2002). Here the technology of weapons has been used to communicate. Both internal languages and technologies are important in performing any type of human activity. Aero planes fly people and lading around the world and people strive to improve upon this technology for common good. Here again language and technology are used for mutual benefit. The technology of radio communication i s used to support the language to transmit

Swin flow Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Swin flow - Research Paper ExampleA somebody acquires flu when the droplets land into their mouths or noses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC).The flu can be passed on before a person knows he or she is sick or when the person is sick. Majority of the wellnessy adults can infect others on day 1 before the symptoms can develop and up to five to seven days afterwards the adult becomes sick. Children and plurality with a weak immune system can infect others for a retentive time.The disease is unpredictable and how severe it can be varies from one season to the other and it is dependent on the following things (a) the type of the flu viruses spreading, (b) the amount of flu vaccine available, (c) the time the vaccine is available, (d) the number of people who get vaccinated, and (e) the conformity and compatibility of the vaccine to the flu viruses causing the illness.People at high risk of developing serious complications when they get the flu include the older people, pregnant women, young children and people with particular health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease or asthma. Between 1976 and 2006, flu-associated deaths are estimated to be in the regorge of 3, 000 to 49, 000 people. 2009/2010 period witnessed the first flu pandemic in over 40 years. 2009 H1N1 pandemic caused 12, 000 flu-associated deaths in the join States (CDC). More than 90 percent of the H1N1 death occurrences were among people who were younger than 65 years of age. Seasonal grippe is estimated to kill more than 36, 000 people and hospitalizing more than 200, 000 per year in the United States (National Institute of Allergy and pathogenic Diseases NIAID)The following are some of the complications that are associated with flu ear infections, bacterial pneumonia, dehydration, sinus infections, and deterioration of continuing medical conditions such as asthma, congestive heart failure and diabetes.Research institutes such as

Target career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Target c arer - Essay ExampleIn my berth no matter how well executed and implemented the strategies of the company are it is actually specie which guarantees a companys success. With the ever increasing impact of advertising, one cannot deny the importance of add up because at the end of the day a company has to make profits for the shareholders and survive. Further reasons of choosing accounting fields areAn control is very important in every company or bank or political sympathies departments. Every project and every initiative taken by the company requires gold. An accountant deals with the whole money handling procedures of a firm.My target career is to work with the government to manage the countrys money inside and external the country such us students scholarships and getting treatment abroad and employees truing courses. Working with government will take me more exposure to practical world. The responsibility of an accountant is very high because it is all about money which makes it not an easy job, but it seems interesting and fun with a high social position. The lucre for the accountant in Qatar is about $10,000 to $15,000 a month, but if you have a Certified Public Accounting (CPA) your salary could be about $20,000 to $30,000 a month. In my view, this is a handsome salary package which I would indirect request to pursue.Since I am joining it also because of my personal strengths, I find it interesting to play with numbers and I really hope that it will be an interesting as well as a fruitful and learning experience for me and I am grateful to you for the guidance which you give

Reflaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflaction paper - Essay ExampleThe thesis is persuasive and makes me inspired about the need to varan multinational businesses. The modern idea is that local irrespective of the social class has a voice that of necessity to be listened to when making critical decisions in the organization. I got sick by inhaling poisonous gasses that were being emitted by a certain manufacturing company. This experience makes me understand the article.Environmental policies have a direct fix on our lives. The master(prenominal) point is that the environments that people are living in have a direct impact on their health and their sustainable future. For instance people who are not educated and living in poor areas are likely to be affected by diseases. I think the thesis has expounded effectively on the need to live in a healthy environment and seek more instruction in order to live a sustainable life. The thesis is persuasive because it highlights the major fits that affect the period popul ation. The new idea to me in this article is that womens education has an impact on the number of children they conceive. Having dealt with children from commence social class makes me understand the article break in.Physical environment has a major impact on women lives. Women living in better environment have access to information, an aspect that makes them live a better and healthy life. I think the success of women in the society depends largely on their place of residence. The main point is persuasive and provides information on the current disparity among women in the society. This is not a new idea because women who are brought in well up families have access to basic education, health care, and exposure, an aspect that makes their future to be brighter. Having friends from higher and lower social class makes me understand the article better.The identity of a mother defines that of a child. The main point is that the character of the children is nurtured by their mothers. T his thesis is not persuasive.

Presenting Business Plans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Presenting Business Plans - Research penning ExampleThe guitars exit be relatively cheaper compargond to our rivals. However, we will only dispense guitars and not any another(prenominal) musical instruments. (Stimpson, P., & Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations. (2003) Cambridge University Press)The target market will be teenagers and adults who are interested in acquire high-priced quality guitars but cannot buy guitars from expensive brands. Also, the market would be for new guitar players who are not alive(predicate) of a lot of these brands. The key aim is going to be to sell cheap guitars to people who neediness to learn it as the intermediate guitar players are likely to stick to companies like Gibson and Yamaha.We are going to sell all types of guitars. The types will include acoustic guitars, electric guitars, semi-electric guitars, hollow physical structure acoustic guitars, hollow body semi-acoustic guitars and jazz guitars. Basically, we will be importing these g uitars from diametric countries where the guitars are relatively cheaper according to our research. These countries include Thailand, Japan, Korea and Canada. The guitars will not be from a well-known brand. However, these will be from different local companies in different countries. The quality will be guaranteed on every guitar as our staff is highly trained.We are not going to have a massive number of employees. Some of my friends are severe guitar players and they are undefendable in determining if the guitar is worth buying. It is basically a partnership firm and on the top of the hierarchy, there are going to be 3 partners including myself. The two partners will be in charge of buying the guitars from different countries. These people are highly skilled in playing guitar and they have a good idea in buying these guitars. These people will be travelling once every 6 months and are going to buy a good number of guitars. Depending on the market and the demand, these people a re then going to go to buy the guitars according to the preferences from our loyal customers. Below us, there

Essay on Employment Law in Australia Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Employment Law in Australia - Essay ExampleIt whitethorn not have been the intention of the employee to depict the scenario that has been adopted by the employer in the situation. In so doing, the employee lacks the forum to explain his or her actions leading to an unfair waiver that could have been averted had proper(ip) investigations be d hotshot. Several reasons that employers issue are habitual grounds for unfair dismissal and infringement of statutory employment rights that each employee is entitled to according to Ford, Notestine, and Hill (2000). A common cause of unfair dismissal is when an employee makes a national interest disclosure (Stewart, 2011) as seen in the case of Andrea who disclosed information that was of public interest but was not necessarily related to the comp eithers operational information. In order to seek right in the termination of her employment, Andrea sought to bring a virtuesuit against the company in light of common law actions which are lawsuits governed by the general principles of law derived from hook decisions. Andrea is allowed to approach a court of law and initiate a lawsuit against her employer in which she will seek to show that her actions were in no mode intended to cause harm to the organization but merely to inform her friends about the impending peril that whitethorn be encountered when one leaves their valuables near unlocked doors. It is allowed that a case be heard in the civil court before a tribunal that will determine whether the employee had been dismiss unfairly and tied(p) if the dismissal was justified, it will determine whether the nature in which it was done was appropriate and fair to the employee. Andrea is allowed in court to demonstrate the fact that the electronic mail she sent to her friends was only meant to warn them about the dangers she herself had encountered in her home so that they can take better care of their belongings in their houses. She can also demonstrate that the email was only sent to the members of staff within the company and not to outsiders as a means of difficult to warn and protect her fellow staff members out of concern for their safety. It would only be natural for a person to try and warn her fellow staff members taking the lesson out of her own personal experiences. This is a common concept that is employed by any person who has the best interest of others at boldness and would wish to be also warned in the same manner. Ideally, she may also have believed that email was one of means she could have used to reach many people within a short time. This may have been the only motivating factor that made her resort to the use of the medium and not any other construed ideologies that the company may have indicated. This is the information that Andrea did not get to share with her employers before she was dismissed an explanation that could have cleared up issues. The depiction of the colored arm in her email may work against her becau se it is perceived as a gesture of racism. This may work against her considering that the company has got a particular proposition policy on racism. It has clearly stipulated that one may not display or transmit sexually explicit images, messages or cartoons or email communications that may contain ethnic slurs or anything that may be construed as harassment or discredit others based on their national origin, race, sex, age, disability, sexual

Latin American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Latin the Statesn Politics - Essay ExampleThere is no such ideal situation defining the real state of nation, in fact there whitethorn be a narrowed down state in certain countries or there may be a broaden concept of democracy prevailing in the others. The narrowed democracy is a situation where certain aspects of democracy are existent while the others are entirely invisible, for instance in Peru. In such cases the governments are purely appointed by the citizenry and are very much people-oriented, but there some problems of democracy are too prominent, such as the freedom of speech, the indecency of press, the development of human rights and the free establishment of organizations fostering such attitudes in society. These problems arise because in a narrowed down democracy, the government that has been selected by the people is not willing to provide such a freedom to its people.Conversely, in a broaden concept of democracy that can be spotted in most of the developed coun tries of the world, where the people do not only exercise the power of selection and meshing of a government, but also are bestowed with complete human rights, freedom of speech, liberty of press and view of ideas. ... The democracy in Latin America is on the way to extinction. The political history of Latin America is full of attacks on democracy, giving a deteriorated picture of democracy in the region. Its history reveals a serial publication of confrontation with pure democracies as well as pure dictatorships. In Latin America, the first lam of peoples attitude from democracy came into existence even before the year 1989. This change in peoples attitude towards democracy dates back to the period of 1960s when the youth of Latin America were in a great return shifted towards the socialist view rather than a democratic view of government. But during the year 1980 and ever since after that time there has been a continuous effort for the re-establishment and re-development of de mocracy in Latin America. However, these efforts were less lucky in their aim every time for so many reasons. This has not been just the case in Latin America in fact even in the case of countries with relatively broader concept of democracy than Latin America, the problems of democracy can be spotted. A principle example to this approach may be Mexico, which is a country that has been continuously heading towards an advanced form of democratic government. Brazil and Peru have also been confronted with the same situation in their progression towards a more democratic government. The general situation is decline in these countries with respect to human right motives and activities. In Mexico, the governments pay no consideration to the development of their people in the setting of their political objectives. Most of the people are living strictly hand to peach in the country. Consequently, there has been much widely prevalence of criminal offences and also the Guerilla movements

Tourism industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tourism patience - Essay ExampleIt has also helped in better cultural understanding through the interchange of thought processs among host and guest communities. Though mass touristry provides opposite economic and social benefits, it is also associated with different negative impacts on social, economic as well as environment aspects of a community. Tourism goat be sustainable only if it is managed c arefully (United Nations Environment Programme, 2014 Mirbabayev, n.d.).Taking into concern the various impacts of the mass touristry on environment and economy, there has been an idea of imposing taxes on mass tourism in additional to the already high taxes on various tourism requirements such as hotels, flight charges and other rentals. This idea may help in eliminating certain tourism related issues but it fails to realise the impact that it erect cause to the tourism diligence. In point, tourism taxes in some countries have become an easy and a trendy fashion for governmen ts to collect revenue from visitors in order to cover the government expenses. The tourism industry is taxed by methods of direct taxation to the tourists or units associated or involved in tourism (Gooroochurn & Sinclair, 2003 Rinaldi, n.d.).Such hikes in taxes not only force the tourists to go to other cheaper destinations but also have a weighty effect on the local residents. For example, the Hawaiian Tourism industry experienced fall in tourism in 2007 owe to effects of various direct along with indirect tax hikes, which affected more(prenominal) than 75% of jobs in the state. The tourist shifted elsewhere taking their spending with them and the taxpayers were left with budget deficit owing to that the state economy was also weakened (Nothdurft, 2009). Similar example can be taken from fact that Caribbean Tourism was impacted negatively due the government aviation taxes in tourism (Caribbean journal, 2013)Tourism taxes are also being levied in the local level, which is creatin g more tax

International Political Economy &Islamic Factor of Central Asia Essay

International Political Economy &Islamic Factor of Central Asia - look for ExampleFor example, Belarus has been able to advance the trade with Central Asia especially larly Kazakhstan. This was do possible by the senior high integration level within the economy of Russia. On the other hand, Ukraine has been promoted by the Turkmen and Uzbek governments as a way of escaping from the dominance of Russian and as a Europe opening. The Guam (anti-Russssian institution designed for fostering of the strategic) and the scotch alliances between Ukraine Georgia Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Uzbekistan is not efficient to alter the regional balance. Besides, the chapter demonstrates a failing in the Caspian whiz which included the south Caucasus and Central Asia. The growth in the connectivity and the cooperation of the Central Asia is discussed at length in the chapter. Aspects want the regional leadership Uzbek-Kazakh Competition are also highlighted.In this chapter, the author discussed the structural Agricultural orbit trends. In central Asia Kazakhstan is one special case in terms of the level of agriculture. The whole res publica was displayed as a key driver of the Soviet development of Agriculture, especially as a conduce of the Virgin campaign lands that were launched in the year 1954 by the Khrushchev. The campaign of the virgin lands facilitated the Kazakhstan Agriculture to an extent where it made over 20 percent of the whole land. The Kazakh republic made exports worth ten million slews of wheat in 1980. They also made over 300,000 tons of meat whose revenues were made up of a third of the GDP. The other produce were not of great relevance to the Soviet scale despite being relevant on the local level. The southern section of the republic cultivated cotton and rice. To date, the country is in possession of two hundred and twenty two million hectares farmland, most of which is used for pasture. This is about 85 percent of the

Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media - Assignment ExampleSteve Forbes is a well-respected president and CEO of Forbes magazine, a business journal that is highly regarded in the business sector. He was also a Republican candidate in 1996 and 2000, place forth such conservative ideas as the flat tax, a rehaul of Social Security, school choice and a strong national defense. (Forbes.com). While I respect Mr. Forbes, in that he is very accomplished and seemingly very learned, I do non agree with his fundamental values, as I consider myself to be more of a Democrat than a Republican. That said, there is no denying that Mr. Forbes is a well-respected man within his field. However, because I do not agree with him on his fundamental values, it is difficult to not have a yellow eye on his editorials.Then, after reading just a few paragraphs, my eye was jaundiced to him unconstipated more he derisively quotes Robert Reich in his article Isnt Capitalism Brutal?, stating that Reich, expressing the view that Wal-Mart cru shes retailers, complained that the retailing devil has turned main streets into ghost towns by sucking business away from small retailers. (Forbes, 2009). Then, I truly found the article to which he was speaking, and it turns out that Robert Reich did state the above quote, but that he was stating that this is what Wal-Mart detractors say astir(predicate) Wal-Mart. The article genuinely defends Wal-Marts practices overall. (Reich, 2005). In other words, Forbes took Reichs words completely out of context. If you read Forbes article, you would assume that Reich actually believes that Wal-Mart is bad and turns towns into ghost towns, but when you read the actual article, you realize that Reich is stating just the opposite. I am not sure why Forbes did this Reich was labor secretarial assistant from 1993 to 1997 - in other words, he was President Clintons labor secretary - and he did

Understanding of culture and cultural differences as fundamental for Essay

Understanding of culture and cultural differences as fundamental for global trade - Essay ExampleThe researcher states that culture and cultural differences has not only impacted on the posture of firms with respect to outside(a) competitiveness, but has withal progressively generated negative effects regarding efficient usage of international marketing resources. Success of international firms is basically dependent on their international marketing strategies that incorporate cross-cultural intelligence aspects. Moreover, international marketing professionals continuously seek to understand global cultures and cultural differences that exist in the international specific markets ventured. Understanding cultural variations that exists among customers and target markets is important for developing an international marketing dodging that is universal and covers all customer needs. Application and outcome of professional marketing largely depends on the outcome to which cultur al differences are evident among customers. Firms competitiveness in the international market recognizes cross-cultural factors as determining factors with which comprehensive information is gathered from the various markets to enable formulation of best marketing strategies. Generally, cross-cultural abridgment in the international market is similar to municipal market analysis, although international analysis places much emphasis on cultural aspects due to cross border cultural variations. However, domestic markets stir also continued to diversify their cultures although as much as the international markets. ... However, domestic markets have also continued to diversify their cultures although as much as the international markets. Political, cultural, and social barriers and variation in the international markets have remained significant challenges to multinational companies that fail to recognize variations, and thus need for different business strategies. Nevertheless, inter national marketing strategies are more complex and sophisticated with respect to cross border variations as compared to domestic marketing strategies (Rugimbana & Nwankwo, 2003, p.331). International marketing recognizes a variety of cultural aspects that define one countrys culture from the other. Culture is defined and differentiated by technologies with regards to timing, moving, storing, analyzing, and producing information, as well as motives, accuracy, types, timeliness of selective information collection, language barriers, ethical standards, and attitudes of individuals collecting information. Different clients from different cultures seek to satisfy similar needs in different ways, which constitute cultures and common practice. Marketing professionals need to devise marketing strategies and products that are not aslant to a particular culture, and are able to cover all cultural needs in question. by means of research and information analysis, marketing professionals are a ble to understand the different needs of their customers with regards to their cultural variations. cross-cultural analysis is carried out by relevant marketing professionals on the target markets of the firms they work for. International marketers seek to analyze particular cultures and the differences pertaining to their marketing strategies using relevant models of study and analysis. Here, cross-cultural research models used by

The development of the drama Essay Example for Free

The development of the drama Essay stimulant drug Whilst most of the stimulus was provided by the teacher, there was some tag ons that were brought in by members of the multitude. Luke brought in a piece of music by The Streets entitled The Irony of it All. This stimulus provided the idea for the stroke that compared weed and intoxicant and later we used the lyrics as a script for the scene. Research During the beginning stages of the production process, after we had number iodin split into our smaller sub- sorts we each went out and did individual research on the drug of our sub-group. For example, Alice Weaver researched LSD, and provided the group with an account of what it was like to experience an LSD trip as well as the general effectuate of the drug. During the later stages of production the group researched quotes that could be used during the scenes to make almost verbatim parts to the play. shite was responsible for finding some quotes to be used as his Gerald McMillan character. These quotes were taken from the special Question judgment of conviction with David Davis and David Cameron.He also researched quotes from a previous interview with David Cameron. Script Writing We decided that some scenes should be scripted, in order to ensure that certain points were put across and important lines were said. This also was to increase the period of time of the piece, and ensure that scenes did not drag. The scene writing responsibilities fell on different people, usually one of the people in the scene. For example I created the script for Taylor Time Jack created the script for the pub scene and Katie created the script for Saturday Night.Whilst the Saturday Night scene was lyrics from The Irony of it All, Katie was responsible for artistically placing the lyrics into a variate that resembled a scripted dialogue, and deciding who had what lines from the song and, if necessary, adding lines. Alice created a script, with the input of those in the scene, consisting of a rhyming meter to stylise the scene. This process snarly a jam of group trust that the scriptwriter would cover all the aspects, which the group would like the scene to cover.These expectations were often met, however if there was problems the group was able to work together to couch the script to meet the requirements. Scene Creation During the rehearsals, we split into several groups, and each had a drug to create scenes for. Each pair was asked to create several scenes each lesson. Once these aims had been met we met together and allowed the others to give their input. For each composition we attempted to create a positive, negative and a turning point.This process involved all of us separately, sometimes due to the crossover in the use of actors in different scenes those that werent in the scene often helped create scenes for the other groups. For example Katie helped to create scenes for Jack and Saimon, involving a discussion reporter and a coca ine-addicted rock star. These scenes formed the basis of the scenes involving Jane Doe and Gerald McMillan that were created at a later date. direction When we completed the scenes each lesson we came back together and performed our scenes to the rest of the group.The group was able to give directorial points of view as to what would make the scene more effective or to suggest ideas for scenes that may be based on the scene created that may be better for the final production. During the later stages of production, when many rehearsals were done as a complete group, those not involved in the scenes could watch and suggest improvements. This again resulted in a lot of trust, as we had to rely on the directors to shape the scene in a way that would portray our message.

Determination of Dissolved Oxygen In a Water Essay Example for Free

goal of Dissolved Oxygen In a Water EssayINTRODUCTIONIn an alkaline upshot, fade away type O will oxidate manganese(II) to the trivalent state. 8OH-(aq) + 4Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) 4Mn(OH)3(s)The analysis is completed by titrating the iodine produced from potassium iodide by manganese(III) hydroxide. 2Mn(OH)3(s) + 2I-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq) + 6H2O(l) Sodium thiosulphate is used as the titrant.Success of the method is critically dependent upon the elbow room in which the take in is manipulated. At all stages, every method must be made to catch that oxygen is neither introduced to nor lost from the ideal. Furthermore, the sample must be free of any solutes that will oxidize iodide or reduce iodine.Chemicals Manganese(II) sulphate solution prepared by disintegration 48 g of MnSO4.4H2O in water supply to five 100 cm3 solution alkaline potassium iodide solutionprepared by fade out 15 g of KI in about 25 cm3 of water, adding 66 cm3 of 50% NaOH, and diluting to 100 cm 3 operose sulphuriv(VI) acid 0.0125 M sodium thiosulphate solution starch solution (freshly prepared).Apparatus 250 cm3 volumetric flask, 250 cm3 conical flask, beat cylinders, titration apparatus, magnetic stirrerProcedure1.Use a 250 cm3 volumetric flask to collect water sample. Fill the flask completely with water without trapping any air bubbles. 2.Add 1 cm3 of manganese(II) sulphate solution to the sample utilise a pipette. Discharge the solution well below the surface (some overflow will occur). 3.Similarity introduce 1 cm3 of alkaline potassium iodide solution. Be sure that no air becomes entrapped. Invert the bottle to distribute the overhasty uniformly. Hazard Warning Care should be taken to avoid exposure to any overflow, as the solution is quite alkaline. 4.When the precipitate hassettled at least 3 cm below the stopper, introduce 1 cm3 of laborious sulphuric acid well below the surface. Replace the stopper and carefully mix until the precipitate disappears. A magne tic stirrer is helpful here. 5.Allow the mixture to stand for 5 minutes and then withdraw 100cm3 of the acidified sample into a 250 cm3 conical flask. 6.Titrate with 0.0125M sodium thiosulphate until the iodine colour becomes faint. Then add 1 cm3 of starch solution and continue adding the thiosulphate solution until the blue colour disappears. 7.Record the volume of thiosulphate solution used and calculate the dissolved oxygen content in the sample in mg dm-3. Remarks1.If the water sample has a low DO value, it is recommended to withdraw 200 cm3 of the acidified sample into a 500 cm3 flask for the titration describe in step 5. 2.This taste can be further developed into a project to study the extent of water pollution. (a)The water sample under investigation is divided into two portions. One portion of the sample is immediately analysed for dissolving oxygen using the Winkler method. The other portion is stored in the dark for five days. (b)Repeat the analysis with the water sample that has been stored in the dark for five days. The difference between the two measurements is the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), metric in mg dm-3.

Management Accounting and Financial Accounting Essay Example for Free

heed be and Financial Accounting EssayThe differences between precaution explanation and financial accounting intromit1 1. Management accounting provides information to people within an organization while financial accounting is principally for those outside it, such as shareholders 2. Financial accounting is required by law while management accounting is not. Specific standards and formats may be required for statutory accounts such as in the I.A.S worldwide Accounting Standard within Europe. 3. Financial accounting covers the entire organization while management accounting may be concerned with particular products or cost centres. Managerial accounting is use primarily by those within a corporation or organization. Reports can be generated for any period of succession such as daily, weekly or monthly.Reports are considered to be future looking and have soothsaying comfort to those within the company. Financial accounting is used primarily by those outside of a compa ny or organization. Financial reports are usually created for a set period of time, such as a fiscal year or period. Financial reports are historically factual and have predictive value to those who wish to make financial decisions or investments in a company. Management Accounting is the branch of Accounting that deals primarily with confidential financial reports for the exclusive use of top management within an organization. These reports are vigilant utilizing scientific and statistical methods to arrive at certain monetary values which are then used for decision making. Such reports may include* Sales Forecasting reports* Budget analytic thinking and comparative analysis* Feasibility studies* Merger and consolidation reportsFinancial Accounting, on the other hand, concentrates on the production of financial reports, including the staple reporting requirements of profitability, liquidity, solvency and stability. Reports of this nature can be accessed by internal and external u sers such as the shareholders, the banks and the creditors.

Buddhism in East Asia Essay Example for Free

Buddhism in East Asia EssayMany people will choose Confucianism as the most important element in understating East Asian culture. Confucianism, indeed, is crucial in understanding the culture. However, ane should not overlook the function of Buddhism on Confucianism and many aras of East Asian culture. Buddhism, one of the worlds oldest devotions and a philosophy, is shared by East Asian countries, thus in order to fully appreciate the East Asian culture, one should learn about Buddhism and its significant influence on the culture.This paper will discuss Buddhism shared by East Asian culture and how the religion played an enormous role in shaping the learning ability of people affecting their culture. Buddhism started approximately in the 6th century BCE, starting with the birth of the Buddha in India. The religion then disruption through Central Asia, East Asia, and South atomic number 99 Asia (Keown). Among many branches of Buddhism, Mahayana has been diffused from firs t west, north, and east throughout East Asia (Skilton). The fundamental principles of Mahayana are liberation from suffering and the belief in the existence of Bodhisattva.Bodhisattva is mortal who achieved Nirvana, the state of being free from both suffering and the cycle of rebirth (Keown). One can get under ones skin a carved wood elongated figure of Bodhisattva Guanyin (1999. 13. 0003) from Spurlok Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL . In this wooden figure, Guanyin is unshod with hair wrapped in knot, wears ornate robes and holds a basket with flowers (Spurlock Museum). One can also let out a photo of Bronze Seated Buddha in National Museum at Kyongbok-Kung, Seoul, South Korea (1986. 27. 0017) in Spurlock Museum .These are an important artifact and a photo because one can easily find very akin artifacts of Guanyin or Buddha in China, Korea, and Japan. It shows one how Buddhism was shared by East Asian countries (Yu). Upon first encountering Buddhism, man y Chinese scholars regarded it as merely a foreign religion. This caused Buddhism to transform itself into a system that could co-exist within the Chinese itinerary of life. Thus, filial devotion, one of the most valued by Confucianists, in Buddhist teachings became the core texts in China.It kick upstairs strengthened the Confucian value by claiming that the salvation of an individual was a benefit to the society and family. Therefore, Buddhism could spread well in the Chinese population (Chen). From this point, Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan, and Buddhist ideology began to merge with Confucianism. This caused many Confucian scholars to redefine Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism (Chen). While Neo-Confucianism adapted Buddhist ideas, many Neo-Confucianists strongly opposed Buddhism.Nonetheless, Buddhism offered Confucianism important ideas much(prenominal) as the nature of the soul and the relation of the individual to the cosmos, ideas not explored by Confucianism (Chen). Aga in, Neo-Confucianism was spread through Korea and Japan, and they were all(a) deeply influenced for more than half a millennium (Chen). Moreover, many other indigenous religions and philosophical systems in East Asia integrated the ideas and teachings of Buddhism, so it came to be a natural part of living. In conclusion, the teachings of Buddhism not provided influenced in shaping the mindset of East Asian people, but also affected their philosophy of life.

Stages of Ego Development Essay Example for Free

Stages of Ego Development EssayThe source variety of Jane Loevingers ego development is called the Impulsive stage. Though this is the known period for toddlers, individuals can be in this material body for a great deal longer, and in reality a certain sum of money of individuals stay in this involuntary point the their whole life. At this point a persons ego maintains to be centered on physical emotions, central desires, and direct wants. The second stage is called the Self-Protective stage. This phase is commonly associated with a persons middle childhood. The self-protective ego is more cognitively refined than the impulsive ego, although they are still using a better consciousness of reason and result, of regulations and penalties, to acquire what that person may want from others. As a result, are more inclined to be oppressive, scheming, and self-indulgent. The third phase is called the conformist stage. The Conformist ego is extremely devoted in fit in to and gaini ng the appraisal of significant groupings, much(prenominal) as peer groups seen in most schools.This stage is normally associated to the age group of individuals going into school. These tribe tend to see and assess who they are based on exterior matters like looks and status. The fourth phase is called the Conscientious/Conformist stage. This is the phase where most United States adults fall into. The conscientious/conformist ego illustrates an amplified still still incomplete understanding of profounder matters and the internal life of whom they are and who other people are. The fifth phase is called the Conscientious stage. At this stage, the inclination in the direction of self-assessment and self-analysis carry on. The sixth phase is called individualist stage.This stage is where the ego develops a greater tolerance for the individuality of others and a greater awareness of the conflict between heightened individuality and increased emotional dependence. (Pinel, J.P.J. 2008 . p. 377). The seventh phase is calledAutonomous stage. The autonomous (I-5) stage of ego development emerges with the capacity to cope adequately with the conflicts of the individualistic level. The person at this level reveals tolerance for equivocalness and high cognitive complexity. (Pinel, J.P.J. 2008. p. 377). The eighth and final phase is called the Integrated stage. It is said that this stage is the hardest to achieve. During this stage, self-actualization manifests. The individual has very developed and come to terms with their own identity.ReferencesMcAdams, D. P. (2006). The person A new introduction to personality psychology. (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.

Kishwar Naheed Essay Example for Free

Kishwar Naheed tryShe conveys that wowork force were unwanted and were non c ard for. In particular female infants were seen as a financial burden to an Indian family as they were discriminated from working and were non allowed to contain an education. Naheed emphasises that she felt as if she was in the family for no purpose. Male infants were seen as the family gaining prosperity, they were celebrated and it was a gift to be proud of. The opening of the stanza Brash with glass immediately tells the ref that this is a luxurious place or arrogant. The word Brash is ironic as it can ungenerous white faced.The harsh vowel of the assonance helps the lecturer to advert the poets anger. The simile and alliteration of the phrase alight(p) same(p) a flag conveys the idea that the restaurant asserts itself, even in its name. The word flag suggests that the population who set up a flag, have conquered some peerless elses land. This highlights the idea of when the whites stole the land of South Africa. ablaze(p) suggests that the whites are bragging to the bulk (blacks) about their superior modus vivendi and it conveys Afrikas anger as this links to the digit of heat used earlier in stanza two anger of my eyes. The simile precaution at the gatepost suggest that the restaurant is reserved exclusively for white people. The guards are threatening the masses (blacks. ) He explains that even though on that point is No sign displayed outside the whites only inn and Apartheid was supposed to be put to an end. The guard is replaced instead of the sign as they block the masses (blacks) from unveiling the haute cuisine. Therefore, Afrika gives a clear image to the reader that Apartheid tranquil exists.In I am non that womanhood Kishawar Naheed attempts to redefine the man-woman relationship and address the bit she faces in her everyday life of exploitation and oppression. It is illustrated in the lyric poem Now it is time for me to flower throw in the towel. The alliteration gives the impression that she wants to fight back and does not want to live restricted any more(prenominal). The words Now and free shows when she wants to redefine the man-woman relationship. Moreover, she explains how she wants to live like. Naheed wants a life with no restrictions and for men and women to be treated equally.The message in the verse is that men and women are not always treated equally and how there is still sexism and discrimination. In particular, women are not dominated by men and men are treated with prestige and power. The poem helps her express her thoughts and aspects. Afrikas words are ambiguous we know where we belong. This perhaps emphasises that the masses (blacks) know that they are discriminated from entering the inn as there is a guard at the gate post. The use of the pronoun we emphasises that he believes that his indistinguishability belongs with the masses (blacks.) The single rose on each table contrast with the working mans cafe. As a single rose symbolises high quality lifestyle or perfection. It could also mean the arrogant wealthiness that was amongst the mass poverty at the time. In the words My m another(prenominal)hood Naheed conveys that women were born to nurture and care. On the other hand, the men in her society have stolen this substantial and amazing gift from them. Instead women are laboured to be voiceless, obedient and were unfairly treated as servants due to the male dominance. My loyalty suggests that her husband and her father took away her loyalty and treated her unfairly.Naheed is aware that she has the right to achieve her loyalty again. In the fifth stanza the poet uses the words bunny chows to convey the masses (blacks) poor lifestyle in the working mans cafe. Bunny chows was cheap at the time and a common local snack of a poor mans hamburger it is a unornamented contrast with haute cuisine. In the restaurant there are charge plate tables top, this suggests the poor lifestyle the masses had. The plastic tables top suggests that there is no tablecloth and they felt incomplete, empty and it must have been uncomfortable to eat on. clean your fingers on your jeans gives the impression that there is nowhere to wash ones hands after eating or a tissue to wipe hands. Afrika uses direct mental imagery to show the life of the masses (blacks. ) Kishwar suggests that women do not have self respect. This is evident in The woman on the poster half naked. Naheed is commenting on how men suck women as objects or for sexual pleasure. She wants this view to change. The tone No, no I am not that woman emphasises that Naheed is not a woman who is obedient, subservient and does not want to avoid any line of productss or disagreements with anything the men verbalize.The repetition of no shows that she is certain on her actions and salutaryly disagrees with how many women in the Asian culture are living. Afrika uses the words boy again to show that the appeara nce of District six brings back memories of his childhood when the Apartheid carcass existed. He does not feel independent as he feels like a boy and believes he is following the whites like how a child is with their parents. Hands burn emphasises his anger against the system and his urge to unload the symbol of segregation. Afrika repeats the title Nothings changed at the ending of the poem.He conveys that even though Apartheid has been Abolished, the masses (blacks) are still treated inferior. The final stanza shows his anger and disappointment of the economic division between the whites and the masses (blacks) and conveys that the society has not changed at all. The layout of Nothings changed is set out in eight short lines in each of the six stanzas. The layout creates a sense of control as he is clear on what he is feeling and no sharp rage is introduced at any point in the poem. His anger increases gradually within each line.The poet makes his argument straight forward by e mphasising his feelings in a calm manner. In the first stanza the use of imagery makes the reader feel as if they are in the poets shoes. This makes it clear and easy to imagine how life was like for Tatumkhulu Afrika. This is illustrated in the words Small round hard stones click under my heels. It makes it easy to imagine the masses (blacks) unpleasant and unfortunate lifestyle. The structure of I am not that woman is informal. The layout of the stanzas do not travel in a regular pattern and none of the words rhyme with each other.The free flowing structure shows how determined Naheed is about her argument. This conveys that nothing can change the way she is and nothing will choose her back. Even by the simple rules of poetry. It emphasises how infatuated she is towards emancipation. Furthermore, she is protesting about women having access to equal opportunities and rights as men and women should not be treated as if they are worthless or disempowered. It is seen in the words my loyalty. The tones between Nothings changed and I am not that woman are very different. Kishwar Naheeds tone in I am not that woman is very calm, but firm.Her steady tone conveys that she has control over what is being said by repeatedly claiming I not that woman. Tatumkhulu Afrikas tone contrasts compared to Naheeds. In Nothings changed the poet seems to be increasing his rage within each line as he sees more things that have not changed even though Apartheid was abolished. Moreover, he is feeling angry because he had not been to District six for many years. In-conclusion, I believe that Kishwar Naheed in I am not that woman argument is stronger as the poem relates more to her lifestyle, cultural beliefs and traditional value about what she has experienced as a woman herself.Naheed clearly explains that wants equality between men and women. Moreover, she does not want to live a typical lifestyle of an asian and leaves the reader in hope that there is a chance of change. Howev er I believe that Tatumkhulu Afrika argument in Nothings changed. Is not as strong as Naheeds as he leaves the reader feeling helpless and has not attempted to change his lifestyle as much as Naheed has in nothings changed. Afrika has allowed the whites to treat the masses (blacks) unfairly because he was not as determined or eager as Naheed.He mainly just agreed how nothings changed however, Naheed believes that no one can stop or change her views. This is why I strongly believe Naheedss argument is more effective. I believe that Naheeds argument will become more powerful if the majority of women did not hold the cultural beliefs of a submissive Asian housewife and they were all determined to fight for equality. By women pickings action as a group by giving their views and speaking the men may collect that women are treated unfairly, and their lifestyle may change once they have taken action.

A Crash Course on Racism and Contemporary Society Essay Example for Free

A Crash Course on Racism and Contemporary Society EssayWhen you intoxicate the word crash, it always summons to mind an ill event that has to deal with vehicles. Some peerless even told me that it is prohibited to say this word when you atomic number 18 boarded on an carpenters plane because you might cause panic among other passengers. Planes, cars and even computers crash. Crash basic on the wholey means collision. Similarly, the title of capital of Minnesota Haggis recent movie is Crash (2005). However, viewers will see not only collisions involving cars, nevertheless collisions involving race, last and classes. The movie Crash tackles the cross-cultural panorama of Los Angeles urban life, involving people interconnected to each other in vestiges of crime, racism, corruption, obligation, indignation and chance over a two-day period. The storyline superimposes the complexity of the multifaceted registers of their lives entwined under the numerous societal and psycholog ical issues usually hidden inside the closet of the American consciousness. The Plot Crash or collide withThe story revolves around two cops, one senior and the other junior. The other jaded and abusive, the other one is a novice and willing to learn the ropes. These cops ar p resideed by Matt Dillon and Ryan Philippe respectively. One day, when they were depute in their beat site, they pull over and eventually harass a black couple (Terrence Howard and Thandie Newton) because the SUV theyre crusade vaguely fits the description of a carjacked vehicle that was reported.More complications swiftly supersede within 24 hours, these characters all cross paths again in separate incidents of incredibly high tension that challenge both the prejudices that eat formed between them and the assumptions we draw out from their different perspectives about race and culture as a whole. It turned out that Christine (Thandie Newton) was surprised that she encounters Sgt. Ryan (Matt Dillon), the racist cop who internally molested her during a traffic stop the former night, the officer on the scene who pulls her from the burning car.To further intricately muddle the conflicts, characters encounter and reencounter one another in highly convenient ways. For example, a young African-American criminal Peter (Lanrez Tate) is murdered. Fortunately, he has a brother, Graham (Don Cheadle), an LAPD detective, who discovers Peters dead body in the desert. Prior to learning of his brothers death, Graham is thwarted by the regularise attorneys office into suppressing evidence that may partially absolve a white law of nature officer charged with killing a black cop.Incidentally, the district attorney (Brendan Fraser) is looking for a assurance that would help him gather enough support from the black community, since he is trying to manage a say-so media scandal. He and his wife (Sandra Bullock) were carjacked in Sherman Oaks by two young black men. Moreover, more table-turning even ts are revealed in the lives of the characters because actual carjackers is Peter and his friend (Larenz Tate and rapper Ludacris).Surprisingly, the carjackers and their victims these four are, in turn, connected through other events to a young Hispanic locksmith (Michael Pena) desperately trying to make a better life for his 5-year-old daughter after(prenominal) moving out of a crime-ridden neighborhood, and to a struggling Iranian shopkeeper (Shaun Toub) desperately seeking to lay blame for the vandalization of his convenience store, and to a pair of internal affairs detectives (Don Cheadle and Jennifer Esposito), whose lives and jobs are complicated by politics, time-tested principles and personal secrets.As exact involves various crashes and clashes, forcefully it does not just invoke commonly threadbare racially charged confrontations found in several(prenominal) films, but it almost subliminally showcases how passive prejudice and pre-conceived notions are often prevalen t in simple day-to-day life. Thus, people could just collide and all these complications pass along within a blink of an eye, unaware that they are villains and victims all at the same time of the surround they are placed in.Although the dominant illusion that Crash could perpetuate among its viewers about its give birth narrative is that each character does something virtuous in one situation, and something unconscionably racist in another. Entirely, this is not the case because some characters could be deemed as purely good people. The Latino locksmith Daniel exists solely to incur racist threats and insults from other characters, so to belie their opinions through his role as the most upstanding of family men.Unfortunately, other characters display no deliver traits, like the DAs wife, Jean Cabot (Bullock) is depicted as a self-involved rich and edgy woman who is there to speak the unspeakable truth when justifying her fear of black men. Eventually, she stops just shortly of calling Daniel a wetback, and undergoes a quite insincere transformation that resulted from her inability to understand that her housekeeper Maria (Yomi Perry) is courteous to her when she fell down some steps and fractured her leg, and nobody else has given her sympathy. She had no choice, but be subtile to the person who helped her (Sicinski, 2005).Craig Detweiler (December, 2005) analyzed that Haggis portrays the film as a depiction a fine interconnection of practical(prenominal) portrait of pertinent issues with a subliminal touch of magic realism. The movie offers a range of known types, attempting to prick his viewers consciences without being overbearingly preachy or nearly jingoistic. As the film kicks off, tempers are already surging as invectives and epithets are blurted out without batting an eyelash. Prejudices are looking for confirmation. I am angiy all the time, and I dont know why, laments a frustrated housewife.The first half of the film whips up the melt pot of complications, with racist assumptions spilling out of the characters ears. Viewers relish a platter of racism and crime, seasoned with sexual harassment, a broken health-care system and the purchase of firearms. In the softer second half, Detweiler explains that the isolated moments suggest a calamity of redemption for the characters. A motorist hassled by the cops for driving while black turns out to be a conflict-avoiding Buddhist for Christs sake. But that doesnt dissuade the police from violating his humanity and that of his wife.A statue of St. Christopher shows up at surprising times, but it ultimately proves ineffectual. A protective icon inspires a random act of violence. As Christmas unfolds in the movie, we see images of the nativity that could only summon unrealized prayers for peace on earth (Detweiler, 2005). Circumscribing the circle that goes around the films plot, a realization could smack its viewers that in the small world we are nutrition in, we are connec ted to each other, like it or not. Conclusion Racism is a topic well-tackled among discussions.We are aware that it is generally loathed by people and we heard calls of putting a stop to it. We have seen the celestial latitude of Apartheid, we have seen those protests voicing out equality, but people still commit racism unconsciously as they encounter each other in their daily lives. Is prejudice primarily a question of colourise? How do differences of language and culture play into our misunderstandings? What must be done to bridge understanding and permanently inculcate the ugly face of prejudice regarding our differences? The film Crash does not present the ultimate nostrum to racism and prejudice.But certainly, it is a mirror of what American society has become. It is presenting a consciousness about the interconnectedness of people and the situations that made them come up with their own realizations. Thus, the film invites its viewers to come up with their own realizations a bout the contemporary cross-section of American society and provide a space about perspectives on how to deal with their own prejudices. Works Cited Detweiler, Craig. Cultural Collisions. Sojourners Magazine. Washington, (December 2005), 34 (11) 45-46. Sicinski, Michael. Crash, Film Review. Cineaste. New York, (Fall 2005), 30 (4) 51-54.

Manifest Destiny American Civil War Essay Example for Free

Manifest Destiny American Civil War EssayManifest DestinyIn the 1840s the United States increased its territory to lade from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This worldly concern was acquired through treaty, war, and negotiation. The opportunities of this large area of land offered in terms of resources and flip were great. The positive of M.D. do not outweigh the negative consequences. Manifest Destiny is a historic duty, in the 1800s the Americans believed that the manifest destiny of the United States was to expand to the Pacific Ocean. The United States started as costal colonies but in the end the fulfilled their manifest destiny and expanded buy conquering and purchasing land. The Americans gained more land by buying it from France in the Louisiana Purchase and they also acquired land by cession as they did in the Mexican Cession. Other ways of expanded their land was to take it by force many settlers killed the Indians and steal their land from them. The Americans i n the 1800s believed that it was the historic duty of their nation to expand to the Pacific Ocean. They believed that the land was rightfully theirs. They ignore the fact that the land was already occupied and began to move west. They did not recognize the Indians as people they saying them as potential slaves, so they simply killed them and took their land. Much of the land was bought from France in the Louisiana Purchase, but early(a) lands such as Texas, California and Oregon was not theirs. Using both military strength and negotiations, the US was determined to fulfill their historic duty. The main difference between the border recognises of Oregon and Texas is the way these issues were settled. The Texas issue resulted in a war with Mexico, which gained land and lost soldiers. However, this did allow the US to gain more land than just Texas. The Oregon issue, on the other hand, was more peaceful. The US negotiated and made a treaty with Britain kind of of going to war with them. However, both these issues were different ways the US gained land and expanded their nation.

Land Law Notes Essay Example for Free

nation uprightness Notes EssayLand includes land of any tenure, and mines and minerals, whether or not held a dispel from the surface, buildings or parts of buildings (whether the division is horizontal, vertical or made in any other way) and other corporeal presentditaments also a manor, an advowson, and a choose and other incorporeal hereditaments, and an easement, right, privilege, or benefit in, over, or derived from the land Law of Property Act 1925 s.62A conveyance of land sh every last(predicate) be deemed to include and shall by virtue of this Act operate to convey, with the land, all buildings, erections, fixtures, commons, hedges, ditches, fences, ways, waters, water-courses, liberties privileges, easements, rights, and advantages whatsoever, appertaining or reputed to appertain to the land, or any part thereof, or, at the time of conveyance, demised, occupied, or enjoyed with, or reputed or cognise as part or parcel of or appur populate to the land or any part thereo f. He who haves the land owns everything up to the sky and down to the depths Unrealistic in modern times pipes underground, aircraft in a higher place etc. Bernstein v Skyviews General Ltd 1978 QB Establishes that a landowner doesnt have unqualified rights over the air spot of his land.Fixtures and FittingsLaw of Property Act 1926 s.62Whatever is fixed to the land becomes part of the landHolland v Hodgson 1872 LR 7CP 328 Looms were fixtures as they were abandoned to the floor by nails, not just their own weight. If an article is annexed to the land by something more than its own weight, its a fixture, because part of the land. Elitestone v Morris 1997 Bungalow couldnt be removed without its destruction. An goaliveive test to work whether the object was intended for the use or enjoyment of the land, or for the more convenient use of the object itself.General principle whether an object is part of the land is determined bya) The physical degree of appropriationChelsea Yac ht Boat Co v Pope 2000 1WLR 1941 Boat on a river was a movable not a fixture b) The purpose of the annexation for go enjoyment of the land or for the break-dance enjoyment of the personal chattel? Leigh v Taylor 1902 AC 157 These tapestries were works of art, but could be removed without causing geomorphological persecute. Therefore they were chattels not fixtures. Re Whaley 1908 1Ch 615 These tapestries were hung as to create the effect of an Elizabethan dwelling house, therefore they were fixtures. relevance?BuyerTaylor v Hamer 2002 EWCA Civ 1130 The Court determined that the flagstones were fixtures, and suggested that a seller is not allowed to remove fixtures without informing the vendee if there is a possibility that the buyer expects the fixtures to be included in the sale. Mortgage lenderBotham v TSB 1996 EGCS 149 The bank applied to the High Court to decide if certain everyday articles in the borrowers flat were fixtures and therefore were subject to the banks mortg age, so it could sell them as mortgagee. TaxationMelluish v BMI 1996 AC 454Landlord and tenant A tenant has the right to remove tenants fixtures and fittings at the end of the tenancy Young v Dalgety 1987 1 EGLR 116 A better definition of a tenants fixture is any item which is properly legally identifiable as a fixture and which was installed and continues to be removable by the tenant, is a tenants fixture. Spyer v Phillipson 1929 2 Ch 183 So long as the chattel could be removed without doing irreparable damage to the demised expound, neither the method of attachment nor the degree of annexation, nor the quantum of damage that would be done either to the chattel itself or to the demised premises by the removal, had any bearing on the right of the tenant to remove it.Wessex Reserve Forces and Cadets Association v White 2005 EWHC 983 landlords intention here to demolish the premises only led to its aspirations of regaining possession being flattened when the court held that (objecti vely) the landlords (subjective) intention could not be implemented and that, in any event, the landlord would not require possession of the premises to carry out the proposed works.Ownership of things found on the land.Parker v British Airways Board 1982 QB 1004 court decided that the finder of a gold bracelet in a public area of British Airways was empower to possess it against the whole world save the true owner. An occupier of a building has rights superior to those of a finder over chattels on or in, but not attached to, that building if, before the chattel is found, he has manifested an intention to exercise control over the building and the things which may be on or in it. Bridges v Hawkesworth 1851 The finder of a lost article is entitled to it as against all but the true owner. Waverley BC v Fletcher 1996 QB 334 owner or lawful possessor of land possess all that was in or attached to it. Local authority which owned a public stretch out space had a right SUPERIOR to Finde r to things found in the ground of that open space and was entitled to possess them against all but the rightful owner.Buried TreasureTreasure Act 1996s.1(1) Defines what see is s.4(1) When treasure is found, it vests, subject to prior interest and rightsin the Crown s.8(1) A person who finds an object which he believes or has reasonable grounds for believing is treasure must notify the coroner for the district in which the object was found (within 14 days) s.8(3) Any person who fails to comply with subsection (1) is guilty of an offence s.10 Payment of rewards

Christian conceptions Essay Example for Free

Christian conceptions EssayBaldassargon Castigliones work The Courtier has similar conceptions of grace and sack out when com struggled to with Christian conceptions. Baldassare Castiliogne characterizes the courtiers of Urbino as omini per vertu ludicrousi (IV, 2, 446 men singular in worth286), emphasizing their grace and legality they were equal to exhibit throughout the entire passage. This also reflects the ways they were able to entice the imagination of the supposeers and make their (readers) understandings much creative. Castiglione writes about the Urbino court and its inhabitants as a charitable of ideal place where grace and virtue was to a great extent practiced. Most of the courtiers and ladies in the court possess only minor character flaws and petty foibles. In his writing, he idealizes them as civilized and perfectly restrained individuals who are devoid of serious personal vices and defects. In a sense, Castiglione wants to present them as ideal types, as the onorati esempi di virtu (IV, 2, 448 honored models of worthiness287) as can be read from his prologues where good fortitude, scholarship and genuine love should emulate and be exuded by the readers even after knowledge the entire piece.The following excerpt from The Courtier shows that Lord Guidobaldo has lived an exemplary life worth of emulation by the former(a) inhabitants. When lord Guidobaldo di Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, passed from this life, I together with several other knights who had served him remained in the service of duke Francesco Maria della Rovere, heir and successor to Guidobaldos state and as in my mind in that respect remained fresh the odor of duke Guidos virtues and the satisfaction which I in those years had felt from the loving company of such excellent persons, as then frequented the court of Urbino.(Letter, 1, 67-8) Castigliones endeavor in his work was to set his statements of praise for Urbino and its inhabitants in general and conventiona l terms. He did not recognition the military exploits or civic triumphs of a character he praises, instead, he celebrates all of them for their virtu, (virtue) their ingegno, (ingenuity) their ot clipping qualit (high dignity). Instead, Castiliogne characterizes these exploits as a collective victory for the person he is giving life to. This also gives life to the colorful sceneries and animations to the degree as this draws the attention of the readers.Castiliogne pursues the elevation of Urbinos image to an exemplary moral excellence and its value for posterity. In his setoff two prologues, Castiglione highlights the superiority of Urbinos inhabitants. In the prologue to oblige III, Castiglione states that if Urbinos early(prenominal)imes convince him of its excellence, he should be able to imagine substantially how much greater the courtiers virtuous actions were (III, 1, 336). In the last prologue, Castiglione praises the courtiers directly as omini per virtu singulari (IV , 2, 446 men singular in worth286).He viewed the court as a paragon of moral exempla (IV, 2, 448 chiari ed onorati esempi di virtu). The court is presented as an ethical model not only to other existing courts at that time but also to the succeeding generations to come. Moreover, Castiglione confesses in the third prologue that he wrote his text carefully to faria vivere negli animi dei posteri (III, 1, 336 make it live in the mind of posterity202). Finally, as his culture upholds classical antiquity, he projects that the young and upcoming generation will envy his time because of the exemplary Urbino court.(III, 1, 336 forse per lavvenire non manchera chi per questo ancor porti invidia al secol nostro). Similarly, the virtues of grace and love which are present in Castiliognes work are also present in Christian morals and manners. Christian morals are a function of moral discernment and moral reasoning. For instance, James Gustafson stated that moral discernment consult to basic d ispositions that are shaped in part by the faith and trust Christians have as they offer themselves up to paragon.Moreover, James Gustafson stated that the concept of moral discernment was united to moral reasoning. Gustafson explained that moral reasoning pertains to a character, or personal moral ability, which covers dispositions, traits, and actions of the moral agent. (Selnick, 1992). Castiliogne stated that the courtier is expected to serve and outgrowth in favour with her Lady. He should instruct her in virtue and refrain from vice and dishonesty. He should articulate truth all the time. This concern is evident in Christian morals and manners.According to Harring, the moral and apparitional value of our acts attains the peak level only when the fundamental option results in the conquest ones energies and vision such that ones motives and decisions come from the depth in which the Spirit moulds and guides. (Harring, 1978). Castiliogne exhorts the courtiers to be kind to t heir subordinates, to avoid flattery, to be wise in the relations with other states and to have good manners in speech and language. Moreover, the courtier must have good utterance and sweet language to the other personalities in the court and avoid offending other people.This exhortation finds a strong support in Christianitys theological and ethical attention which has carrier baged away from the relations with the divine towards human relations to interpersonal human relations. (Post, 1990). This shift resulted in the sharp distinction between public activity and private relations. First, it highlighted the fact that the selfs relation with God does not necessarily impact on ones neighbor. Second, it states that the divine intentions may not relate directly to an individuals human flourishing.This re-evaluation of ones faith highlights the moral dimensions of Christianity and renders faith as an essential and crucial aspect of living well. (Weaver, 2002) The old men then attack the change in customs in Urbino court which they perceive as reflective of moral decay. In response to this, Castiliogne countered that he is a judge who can state that there is no age, past or present that is all totally good or totally evil. Then in this excerpt, Castiliogne argued that it is the old men who have changed their doings and not the courts.These old men lament their loss of youth, power, and vitality. This situation leads to nostalgia which distorts the truth about both past and present. This excerpt is as follows ne dei passati piaceri riserva (lanimo) altro che una tenace memoria e la imagine di quel caro tempo della tenera eta, nella quale quando ci ritrovamo, ci pare che sempre il cielo e la terra ed ogni cosa faccia festa e rida intorno agli occhi nostri, e nel pensiero come in un delizioso e vago giardino fiorisca la dolce primavera dallegrezza.(The Courtier II, 1, 188) . . . and the mind retains of past pleasures merely a lingering memory and the image of tha t precious time of new youth in which (while we are enjoying it), wherever we look, heaven and earth and everything appear merry and smiling, and the sweet bound of happiness seems to flower in our thoughts as in a delightful and lovely garden. (The Courtier II, 1, 188) Similarly, Christian holiness has shown interest in ones personal ethical development.The flourishing of the self encompassing virtue ethics and spirituality reveals a post modern reassessment of the classical concepts and tools for reflecting on the selfs good. (Naussbam, 1994). Baldassare Castiliogne characterizes the courtiers of Urbino as omini per virtu singulari (IV, 2, 446 men singular in worth286), emphasizing their grace and virtue. Similarly, Christian morals and manners show the splendour of all the human virtues required of the courtiers during the time of the Urbino court.The courtiers excellent speech, manners and deportment to their equals and subordinates exhibit a in writing(p) example of their faith and their excellent human manners. Alongside the traditions and practices that the courtiers have shown, the author have clearly evince on the human manners that there should be equality among all others and in order to compass a specific and unified goal, there should be subordination so that in the long run, there will be authority to be followed and rules are set on such manners. Works Cited Castiglione, Baldassare.The Book of the Courtier. New york Scribners Son, 1901. 7-439. James M. Gustafson, lesson Discernment in the Christian Life, in Gene H. Outka and Paul Ramsey, average and Context in Christian Ethics. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1968, p. 31. Haring, Bernard. Free and Faithful in Christ. New York Seabury Press A Crossroads Book, 1978, p. 85. Kolsky, Stephen D. Old Men in a New World Morello da Ortona in the Cortegiano. Italica 75 (1998) 336-448. Long, Edward Leroy. A Survey of Recent Christian Ethics. New York Oxford University Press, 1982. Martha Nussbaum .The Therapy of Desire Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1994. Post, Stephen. A Theory of Agape On the Meaning of Christian Love. Lewisburg, PA Bucknell University Press, 1990. Selnick, Philip. The Moral Commonwealth Social Theory and the Promise of Community. Berkeley University of California Press, 1992, p. 361. Weaver, Darlene. Self Love and Christian Ethics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2002. Webhorn, Wayne. Courtly Performances binding and Festivity in Castigliones Book in the Courtier. University of Texas at Austin, 1978.

Enterprise Resource Planning System for Insurance Sector

Enterprise Re reservoir grooming System for Insurance SectorThe Indian Insurance industry is a flourishing one which has several(prenominal) national and internationalistic players who compete for excellence. With several reforms and policy regulations, the Indian restitution sector has witnessed tremendous harvesting in the recent past.India having around 17% of the worlds population is a man-sizedly untapped market. Nearly 80% of the Indian population being without a life, health and non life insurance, a maturement chassis of insurance companies are now emerging in the Indian insurance sector. With the opening up of the economy, several international leaders in the insurance sector are trying to venture into the India insurance industry.The growth in the insurance industry conductly impacts the reinsurance industry. Reinsurance providers are basically companies that provide insurance cover to insurance companies so as to cover their chance. With the growth in the amount of insurance harvest-homes sold by the insurance companies their risk component goes on increase. So as to cover this risk, companies resort to reinsurance. Thus the reinsurance market is all growing at a rapid pace.The growth of the Reinsurance industry in India is coupled with a number of challenges. Challenges set about by the reinsurance industry include shrinking margins, increasing opposition etc. In order to tolerate the challenges, reinsurance companies crossways the globe have begun leveraging heavily on their information and communication technologies.Reinsurance firms are exploitation enterprise management antecedents to increase productivity, save on expenses, to obtain higher client satisfaction, thereby resulting into customer retention and to improve sales performance.General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC Re) is the sole reinsurance company in the municipal reinsurance market in India with more than three decades of experience in the Re-Insurance tune. GIC is headquartered in Mumbai.In India, GIC provide reinsurance to the direct insurance company as it is the sole reinsurer in the market of domestic reinsurance. It is one of the leaders in the facultative placements and domestic companies treaty programmes.OBJECTIVES FOR ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMThe key objectives for initiating ERP implementation were as followsSo as to retain leadership position in the national (Indian) reinsurance market.The intention of emerging as the leader of reinsurance in the Afro Asian markets.To obtain an unified view of all business transactions.MAJOR backing CHALLENGES FACED BY GIC RECustomer-CentricityThe change in focus of the organization to being customer-centricity created a number of issues for the company.It became important to have optimal knowledge of all the customer segments.Customized products and religious services were required to designed to congruous the needs of each of the identified customer segments.It became impor tant to adopt cross selling of products and services as an important growth strategy.It also became important to provide any while and any place reachability to the customers. competitionThe growing number of players in the market created an environment of intense competitionIn order to bear such levels of competition it became imperative for the company to adopt new strategies and identify means of securing a combative advantage over its competitors.Globalizationelaboration of company operations across multiple geographical locations also made it necessary for GIC Re to identify means of effective monitoring and control.Expansion also increase the level of competition by adding new competitors from the new geographical locations.Product CommoditizationThe increase in competition was impacting the companys profit margins.It became absolutely necessary for the company to distinguish its brand from competitors.Lower customer loyalty and increasing price sensitivity were also foot print threats to GIC Re.ConsolidationIt was important to bring about a integrating across the organization so as to deliver a clear value to its customers.ComplianceExpansion of operations across multiple geographical locations made its imperative to comply with multi-national regulations.MAJOR IT CHALLENGES FACED BY GIC REData timbreData maintained by the organization was fragmented by the specify of business, the branches, the different geographical locations etc.It was important to consolidate this data and provide high quality of product and operations related data.Process IntegrationIt was important to standardize and streamline cross functional processes and gear up and integrated workflow.The company was suffering from value leakage due to non integration of arrangings.Legacy IT SystemsThe legacy system apply by the company did not reflect the change in focus from being a contract centric to customer centric insurance provider.Reduction of Operation ComplexityThe compa ny used a number of applications to manage the daily activities.As a result, a number of interfaces had to be monitored and managed which turn out to be very difficult.It thus became important to reduce the number of interfaces and bring about standardization across the interfaces.EXPECTATIONS FROM ERPReduction in overall cost through improved efficiency and increased productivity purport business innovationTo a give a competitive advantage to the company over its competitors number one wood for business growthImprove overall customer experience and satisfactionEnsure regulatory conformationSupport global operationsCreate new revenue streams for the companyEnsure growth of actual revenue streamsCHOICE OF check outThe major(ip) factors contributing to the choice of fool are as follows co-ordinated Enterprise platform for transacting GICs businessThe company required a platform that would integrate all the processes and procedures across the enterprise.The system was required to s tandardize all processes and streamline set of processes across the organization rather than streamlining large number of procedures.The company expected the have an enterprise wide visibility of business operations.SAP Reinsurance settlement being used by Global Industry leaders Munich Re and Hannover ReOne of the major contributing factors to choosing SAP was the companys biggest competitor and the global industry leader Munich Re and Hannover Re had implement SAP Reinsurance system.Adoption of the global best practicesBy 2005, SAP Insurance had almost all insurance service providers running it.SAP had in the past implemented both the insurance and reinsurance packages for multiple clients.This enabled SAP to earn an understanding of the global best practices in the prevalent in the industry.GIC Re hoped to reap the benefits of this knowledge in their own implement of SAP Reinsurance.Most companies who had previously implemented ERP had strong positive experience with SAP for t heir insurance portfolioERP IMPLEMENTATION START DATE Early 2005ERP GO LIVE DATE February 2006SAP var. SAP R/3 interpreting 4.7GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE Offices in India, London and DubaiSAP MODULES implementSAP FS-RI ReinsuranceSAP FS-RI is an insurance solution that enables reinsurance firms, direct insurers and brokers to achieve a reinsurance process that is completely integrated and streamlined.SAP FS-CD Collections / DisbursementsSAP FS-CD is a solution designed for insurance service providers to standardize and streamline their armorial bearing and disbursement activities for their policyholders and agency holders.SAP IM-IC (CFM) Investment ManagementSAP IM-IC (CFM) module provides useful tools for reporting of west by south which are in progress, PO commitments and assets that have been capitalized.SAP FI-CO FinanceThe SAP FI-CO module can be viewed as the core of the integrated SAP system as it deals with the monetary impacts on business and separate modules of SAP.SAP HR Human ResourcesSAP HR is the largest module implementedIt deals with the management of military personnel resources and human capitalSAP BIW Business IntelligenceSAP BIW is the business intelligence module that provides analytical, reporting and data warehousing solutionIMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGESFirst SAP Reinsurance (FS-RI) implementation outside Europe.First SAP FS-CD murder in India.First SAP IM-IC implementation in India in an Insurance/Reinsurance environment.One of the few industrious Reinsurers in the world using SAP FS-RILegacy data MigrationCustomisation of Reinsurance Module (FS-RI)Risk Manager in FS-RI (Facultative Business) had not yet been implemented even in EuropeIMPLEMENTATION HIGHLIGHTS hazard to critically re-look the companys business processes and practices and incorporate changes wherever required.Elimination of data inconsistency by correcting, validating and cleansing legacy data.Opportunity to streamline the organisation by adopting the global best practi ces in the industryBUSINESS BENEFITSTight integration between underwriting and technical Accounting processes thereby providing better business focus.Integrated processes eliminating almost all redundancies and inter-departmental reconciliations.increase automation reduced manual intervention and improved data quality.Improved reserving process (tracking the development of nifty loss reserves).FINANCIAL STRATEGIC BENEFITSSAP allowed visibility of all assetsStandardized evaluation of all assets were achieved insouciant updates to the investment portfolio enable the company to achieve integrated investment managementEffective real time risk analysisTOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP95 % of the companys requirements were met by th standard solution offered by SAP and minimal customization was requiredOPERATIONAL BENEFITSThe operation benefits as evaluated by the company later two years of implementation are as followsKEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPI)IMPACTTime to measure performance-70%Time to plan for new projects and activities-30%Time to performance market risk analysis-80%Efforts to office sources of risk-80%Reporting Flexibility+90%Quality of Reports+80%Quality of Portfolio evaluation+90%Quality of transaction mapping+90%FUTURE PLANSUp gradation from SAP R/3 Version 4.7 to SAP ECC 6.0 platformConnecting offices in Moscow, Malaysia and South Africa to the upgraded ERP networkGeneral Insurance Corporation of India has derived pregnant benefits from implementation of SAP Reinsurance. From this case it is evident that SAP has the potential of being a measure source of improved efficiency and competitive advantage for insurance service providers.APPENDIX1 Monitor Performance executive director Dashboard2 CEO Dashboard3 Sales Dashboard

An investigation into the effect of social loafing

An investigation into the case of social faineanceThe aim of this investigate was to saloon the effect of two categories, radical or individuals, and the effect they have on the surgical procedure of individuals. Participants were involved in the legal action of unscrambling as m some(prenominal) run-in as they could in the prison term limit of pentad minutes. The conjecture is that the mean f wholly of linguistic communication unscrambled by participants stools individually is higher(prenominal) than the mean fig of words unscrambled by participants running(a) in a mathematical group.The investigate consisted of 19 participants which include 10 males and 9 females. The rights of the participants were taken into consideration throughout the whole try out. Nine of the participants who were selected randomly were divide into groups of common chord while the other ten participants ploughed individually. They were wedded a list of 26 words to unscramble. The flake o f words which they were able to unscramble in five minutes was then sedate and counted to measure the death penalty of those who argon working individually and those working in groups.The resolves commemorate that the average number of words raise for those who were working individually was 12.4 words while the average number of words imbed per individual who were working in groups were 5.22 words. This shows that the experiment supports the social idleness theory. The significance take were calculated to be p 0.005. This means that the probability that the results were because of chance was slight than 0.5%. The results were highly significant. Thus, fit in to the results of the statistical test, the research conjecture is supported while the unserviceable hypothesis is rejected.The theory of social loafing is evident in a lot of situations in life. social loafing is a reduction in essay by individuals when they work in groups as comp atomic number 18d to when they work by themselves (Weiten, 2008 491) Each person in a group usually tends to put in lesser political campaign than they would working alone.Max Ringelmann (1913) rootage came up with the idea of social loafing when he found that when a group of men were instructed to pull on a rope, they did non put in as very much sweat as when they were pulling alone. The force of the pull produced by the participants was measured by a strain gauge attached to the rope. When the group of men was led to believe that they had other team members service them, he noticed that they tend to put in less effort than they normally would when pulling alone. Ringelmann stated that the f atomic number 18 of effort produced by individually individual working alone was not the same as the average amount of effort put in by the individuals who believed that they were in a group.Another exact which was used to investigate social loafing is Latan et al.s (1979). As cited by Weiten (2008), the study con sisted of measuring the level of affray created by participants who were asked to either clap or cheer as loud as they could. A group of participants were told that they working in a group while another group was told that they were working alone. This was in particular not true, as the only purpose was to go out that they believed that were positively working in a group. Consequently, the amount of effort that they produced individually was measured. From the study, Latan and his colleagues found that each person in a group tends to put in lesser effort when in a group than working alone.Research shows that the larger the group, the lesser the effort produced by each of the individuals. The reason is that when more people are assigned to an activity, the amount of work which require to be produced is divided equally among more people and this consequently causes individuals to think that their effort is not as significant and their contribution is not evaluated suitably.As cit ed by Antony S. R. Manstead et al. (1995, 1996275) in the book called The Blackwell encyclopedia of social psychology, Steiner, I.D. (1972) postulated that actual group productivity should always be lower than potential group productivity because of process losings due to poor coordination and low motivation. Furthermore, he added that the potential productivity is usually based on performance of individuals working alone.This study aims to support the social loafing theory. A group of participants will be divided into two categories those working individually and those working in groups. The mean number unscrambled by participants in each division will be calculated. Their performance in the activity will show that social loafing does exist when working in a group. The experiment is a one-tailed experiment.Research hypothesis (H1) The mean number of words unscrambled by participants working individually is higher than the mean number of words unscrambled by participants working in a group.Null hypothesis (H0) in that location will be no significant disagreement in the number of words found in participants working individually than in a group. orderDesignThe type of method used in this experiment is an item-by-item measures design. This was used to avoid class period effects. Each participant only took part in each condition once which means that two groups consist of different individuals. The independent variable is working individually or in a group. The restricted variable is the difference of performance in each condition. The environment that the participants were in was under controlled conditions. The activity is the unscrambling of words. This experiment is considered as a single blind experiment where only the experimenters know the hypothesis and aim of the experiments. Participants were given consent earn to sign and were briefed and de-briefed accordingly. Those who did not include their signature on the given consent letters prior to the experiment were not allowed to participate in the activity. Those who participated were given the right to withdraw at any point of time. The participants also remained unidentified throughout the study.ParticipantsThe participants tested in this study consisted of 19 Year 6 students from a private school in Victoria. The participants consisted of 10 males and 9 females aged 11 to 13 years. The exemplar was an fortune exemplification but the participants in each category were randomly assigned. The participants came from different backgrounds and cultures. This is to ensure that the experiment is fair and not biased.MaterialsList of 26 words to unscramble (Refer to Appendix )PenStopwatch instruct instructions (Refer to Appendix )De-briefing instructions (Refer to Appendix )Consent Letter (Refer to Appendix )ProcedureParticipants are first briefed (Refer to Appendix ). Participants are randomly divided into two conditions. Half of the participants will be carrying out the activi ty alone and the other half is to be divided into groups of three to work on the same activity. Participants who are working individually are to sit far from each other to avoid communicating. The other participants who are working in groups of three are to be seated together but each group is to be seated far from another group to avoid communication between groups. Participants who are in the group category are asked to work as a team to unscramble the list of 26 words while the others will be working individually to unscramble the same set of 26 words. When the seating arrangement of all the participants are properly allocated, the list of 26 words is given set about down to the participants. Only one copy of the list will be given to each of the groups preferably of one copy for each participant. The participants are then given a time limit of five minutes to quickly unscramble the list of 26 words. During the experiment, participants have the right to withdraw if they do not wish to participate. After exactly five minutes, they are asked to stop writing and the sheets are to be collected by the experimenters. Participants are then de-briefed.ResultsTable 1 Table shows mean number of words found in each categoryParticipants working individuallyParticipants workingin a group intend number of words found12.4 words5.22 wordsStandard Deviation5.04 words1.09 words represent 1 Bar graph shows average no. of words found in each categoryGraph 1 shows that the average number of words found for those who were working individually were 12.4 words. The average number of words found per individual who were working in groups were 5.22 words. This shows that the experiment supports the social loafing theory. The standard going were 5.04 and 1.09 respectively.A Mann-Whitney U test was used in order to test the significance of the results as it is an no. level data, and it was an unrelated design. When tested, it was found that the probability that it was the independan t variable that changed the dependent variable and not chance. The significance level were calculated to be p 0.005 (Refer to appendix ). This means that the probability that the results were because of chance was less than 0.5%. The results were highly significant. Thus, according to the results of the statistical test, the research hypothesis is supported while the null hypothesis is rejected.DiscussionThe results shows that the research hypothesis has been supported. The mean number of words unscrambled by participants working individually is 12.4, higher than the mean number of words unscrambled by participants working in a group which is 5.22 words. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to show that the results were highly significant. This shows that the research hypothesis is supported and the null hypothesis is rejected.According to Ringelmanns study, the amount of effort produced by each individual working alone is not the same as the average amount of effort put in by the indivi duals who were in pseudogroups. He asserted that the performance of individuals working alone is much more than the average performance of individuals working in groups, which is called the social loafing theory. In this experiment, the social loafing theory is supported as the mean number of words unscrambled by individuals working alone is 12.4, which is emphatically higher than 5.22 words, the average number of words unscrambled by individuals working in groups.The aim of this study was to measure the cause and effect relationship of the performance of individuals working in a group or individually. The result of this experiment relates to the study carried out by Latan and his colleagues as it supports the theory of social loafing. The reduction in performance of individuals when they are working in groups as compared to working individually is evident in both studies.There are several strengths in the experiment. One of the strengths of the experiment was that the subjects cam e from different backgrounds and cultures. This is a good as the ethnic diversity of the participants was not limited. Also, the fact that on that point were approximately the same number of males and females is good. If in that location were a coarse difference in females and males, the experiments would not be fair. Another strength of the experiment is that it was designed to be an independent measures design. This was to avoid practice effects. If the participants had taken part in both conditions, the results would have been affected.Though the research hypothesis was supported, there are several limitations in the experiment. As mentioned, the participants were between the ages of 11 to 13 as it was an opportunity sample. It was difficult to get a random sample as there are limited number students available and there was a time constraint. Another limitation of the experiment was that no extra worry was made ensure that the participants did not cheat by communicating with each other. Though we did our best effort to ensure that they did not communicate with each other, it is not absolute that no one cheated. Also, during the experiment, as all the participants (whether in a group or individually) were in the same environment at the same time, there was a chance that some participants may have overheard the words unscrambled by another person. This component of the experiment was hard to control as no matter how much effort was put in to ensure it was a fair experiment, the participants did have a chance to cheat.With regards to the limitations of the experiment, there are a few areas of improvement. In relation to the sample itself, although the participants and the students were randomly assigned, we could have ensured that the sample were not an opportunity sample. Furthermore, instead of selecting ten males and ball club females, it could have been better if there was exactly the same number of females and males. To counteract the problem of che ating, the environment that the participants were in (which was a classroom) could have been different. The experiment could have been carried out in an open space so that there is a significant amount of space between groups and the individuals working alone. This would ensure that there was less opportunity for the participants to cheat.Ethical considerations were taken into account in this experiment. The participants were allowed to withdraw at any point of time during the activity. The rights of the participants were met and they remained anonymous throughout the whole experiment. The participants were not deceived in any way as that would be unethical.The implication of this determination is that the results produced can be shown to teachers/instructors to prove that individuals generally work better alone than working in groups as they tend not to put in as much effort when working in groups. In majority of the groups, some individuals tend to slack off and let their other t eam members do the work. near individuals may also think that their effort is not evaluated individually so they tend to put less effort than they would put in when working alone. This could further relate to employers in the work field.For further researches, the sample should be much bigger so that the experiment would have fewer limitations. Also, follow-up studies can sidestep the age groups and compare the difference in performance for various age groups. They could also investigate the effect of culture on the performance of individuals when working in groups. They could test the theory of Asians generally tend to work well in groups unlike Westerns, who prefer to work individually.