A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams Essay -- A Streetcar Na

A aerial tramway Named DesireFrom the beginning, the three main characters of tramway are in a state of tension. Williams establishes that the apartment is small and confining, the conditions is hot and oppressive, and the characters urinate good reason to come into conflict. The mho, old and new, is an master(prenominal) theme of the play. Blanche and her sister come from a expiry land. The life and pretensions of their world are becoming a thing of memory to drive category the point, the family mansion is called "Belle Reve," or Beautiful Dream. The old life may confound been something beautiful, but it is gone forever. Yet Blanche clings to pretensions of aristocracy. She is now as poor as Stanley and Stella, but she cannot help but look down on the disgrace Kowalski apartment. Stanley tells her that shell probably see him as "the unrefined type." The differences between them, however, are much complex and volatile than a matter of refinement. Desire is central to the play. Blanche is otiose to come to terms with the force of her own desire. She is clearly repelled and fascinated by Stanley at the same time. And though she stayed behind and took care of the family while Stella ran score to find a new life, Blanche is two angry and jealous of Stellas prime(a) she seems a bit fixated on the idea of Stella sleeping with her "Polack." Stella has chosen a life built around her powerful familiar relationship with Stanley. Blanche is both repulsed by and jealous of the choice. . The play is haunted by mortality. Desire and terminal and lone statementss are played off once morest each other again and again. The setting is one of decay the dying Old South and the dying DuBois family make for a macabre and unsettling background. Blanches first monologue is a or else graphic description of tending to the terminally ill. There is alike the touch of Blanches husband, who died when they were both very materialization indeed, B lanch still refers to him as a "boy." Another symbol is the meat Stanley enters carrying a package of bloody meat, deal a hunter coming home from a day of work. Stanley is a superb specimen of primitive, unthinking, brutal man. The meat-tossing episode is seen as humorous by Eunice and the Negro Woman, who infer a sexual innuendo from the incident. Apparently, it is obvious to the neighbors that the sexual bond between Sta... ...us line is full of terrible irony. It is true that Blanche has practically depended on the kindness of strangers, but all of them have abused and habituated her. In the end, even her own sister has betrayed her. Her fragility, her inability to fend for herself, and her self- invocation have brought her to madness. The representative of the new man, Stanley, is more ape than knight. But Blanches line is earnest in that it shows her terrible loneliness. For so long, she has known only strangers young girl in a house full of the dying, and then a wo man losing her looks seeking protection from callous men. Her tragedy will for the intimately part be forgotten. Stella is crying, but she has nonetheless decided to stay with Stanley. She also will have to busy herself with caring for the baby. The other men have callously chosen to go on with their poker game on this day, denying Blanche the dignity of being taken away in private. The Old South dies, and the New South does not mourn her passing. Everyone is going to move on as the play ends, Steve is already dealing a new hand. SourcesStreetcar Named Desired by Tenesse Williams Northon Anthologywww.Sparknotes.comwww.classicnotes.com

One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay -- essays research papers

One flew East, One flew West, One died without a part of his brain.In my opinion the main theme of One Flew Over the snatchs Nest is conformity. The patients at this mental institution, or at least the matchless in the Big Nurses ward, find themselves on a rough situation where not following standards costs them many privileges being taken away. The standards that the Combine sets are what makes the patients so afraid of a miscellany and simply conform hopelessly to what they have since anything out of the ordinary would stay put them in trouble. Such conformity is what Mc Murphy can not stand and makes him bring life back to the ward by chip Miss Ratched and creating a new environment for the patients. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest represents a rebellion against the conformity implied in straight offs society.Ken Kesey, the author, offers many examples of imagery through the Chiefs detailed narrative of the story. Appealing to the sense of sight, Bromden, describing the rea ctions of some invalid patients, says the Chronics woke up to look around with heads blue from lack of blood (214). A vestige imagery is present when the Chief describes McMurphys hands I regard as the palm was smooth and hard as bone from hefting the wooden handles(23). after(prenominal) killing McMurphy, Bromdens narrative appeals to the sense of sound when he expresses he heard the wires and connections tearing out of the floor (310). Guessing that fall is culmination and using the sense of smell, Bromden states I ca...

Bachelors Capstome in Management

The project and the group up up up that I need chosen for the crinkle is that of a manu featureuring business producing childrens toys. When one and only(a) is to gauge such a business it is important to look for upon to the forethought team for the business. The charge team would include with it a number of professionals. matchless of the most important of such management teams would particularly be the consultants and the advisors for the company.The consultants or the management of the company would be one of those people whose main line of descent and responsibility is to conduct market research effectively and then look upon how the current market demand can be fulfilled by the manufacturing firms. Apart from this team of the management whitethorn similarly include with them the management accountants. These accountants may also perform the roles of the financial analysts and they actively seek to look upon at the business and the current position of the firm to identify and evaluate the possible prospects from the various products that the company usually has.In humanitarian to this, the team may also have with it the production technicians or those individuals who are directly responsible for(p) towards managing the entire production line and how any possible slowdowns in the move of production can be amended and improved accordingly. Team Concepts and gathering Dynamics It is important to note that an effective team break is phenomenal for this team in order to produce promising output. As a result a great deal of care is pick outn in order to ensure that the team members have good relations with to each one other.One of the ways the team concepts are always and continuously strengthened is by reiterating it to the members as to how important it is for the team members to collaborate with each other. In addition to this, thither can be a variety of activities outside the work which could also be conducted and which may prove real ly really face-saving for the crowd members to strengthen and recognize their efforts as a team. Perhaps there could be outings arranged where the team management could meet up for movies or so to build good relations amongst the team members (Reeve, 2008).Apart form this the team that has been chosen for the particular tasks tends to share a set of common set or norms. Perhaps the one reason why this sharing of the norms tends to return is because the team chosen belongs to similar affiliate background. In other words, since it is the management team, most of the people running(a) within the team tend to be those having white collar highly professional jobs and are a great deal paying more. As a result they belong to the same social class and as a result have similar backgrounds.This also implies that they often tend to think along the same lines and this makes decision among and approval more easier than it otherwise may be. Advantages One of the most important advantage s that the team would have is that there is a greater understanding between the managing team which ordain then collaborate slowly and conveniently amongst itself. Also there may be proper rules and norms which would be clearly established. This may make mere(a) tasks more easily and quickly to being carried out.For instance, the technical department manoeuvre would have a direct contact with the head of marketing and then any problem with the product or changes needed could be easily communicated. Apart form this working with such a cooperative team would make work less tiring and annoying. Rather it would make working more motivating. It is also likely that the team would be willing to take up more challenging tasks and to fulfill them with due hard work especially because they are so motivated and like working unitedly as a team (Moore, 2004). DisadvantagesHowever, there may be a number of problems associated with having a strong collaborating team. One of it may be the fac t that any outsider may feel it to being very difficult with adjusting with the team. Moreover, since the group already has norms establishing new ones may particularly be very difficult. Moreover, new ideas and creativity may also not very hale be appreciated. I addition to this, there may also be some problems with group loafing whereby peplum may spend more time socializing and less time working on the job (Rae, 2007). Communication Network and Organization CultureIt is important to note that since the group may be tightly knit there may be a more dire need to adopt formal needs of communications. This is particularly important also because informal communicational network in such a group may mean that things might own out of hand. Thus it may be4 better to adopt and explain to the team a proper network which needs to be followed for the firm cognitive operation to be effective. moreover, there may be a need for a somewhat flexible form of leadership mostly with the leader pick the role of a mere facilitator and the group members contri barelying in.this may also imply that the geological formational structure would be more informal but then a certain deal of care ought to be interpreted to insure that a certain degree of formality within the organization is maintained (Thomas, 2009). Strike Issue Since the labor is unsatisfied and has been on pommel the best option to adopt in this case may be to talk and try and placate and fulfill the demands as much as possible. Since half the labor hired has been laid off it might puzzle helpful if the remaining one of the labor is paid a greater compensation. This may lead them to have an motivator to work harder.At this point in time it is also important to convince the labor, perhaps by allowing win sharing from the amount of output obtained as a greater incentive to work harder. Apart form this there may be a number of techniques which may help to increase their loyalty. Perhaps one of the umpteen can a lso be greater job security and strike benefits. Reference Reeve J (2008). Understanding Motivation and Emotion, Wiley Thomas K (2009). Intrinsic Motivation at Work, Berret Koehler Publishers Rae, D (2007). Entrepreneurship from opportunity to action, Palgrave Moore, G (2004). at heart the Tornado, Harper Paperbacks

Analysis of Pink’s Stupid Girls Essay

1. Pinks Stupid Girls created 2006 2. Narrative or storyline Young girl is sitting on couch, watch TV which shows a throw up of depictions of women. The good and bad apotheosiss hover over her shoulders. The images include women as ditzy, carrying little dogs, car-washing in minimal clothing, as the death chair, playing football. 3. The central discourses are stereotypes regarding women and the choices that women make. The entire video trim down presents the range of ways women can be in our society.For example, they can be insecure about their appearance, with scenes showing them getting spray-tans, having cosmetic surgery and the bulimic girl in the toilets. Almost in contrast, the women are shown as organism defined by their sexuality and employ their appearance to gain approval, such as in the dancing, bedroom and the car-washing scenes. This conceit is also evident in the gym and bowling alley skits. on that point are also images of women organism strong and independe nt, especially in the prexy scenario and the final scene.The central discourse challenges many of the existing stereotypes which define women by their appearance, rather than by the quality of their contributions to society. For example, in the opening scene, a issue girl is interpret sitting on a couch watching television. As she changes channels, different imitations of women are shown. The girl is holding a Barbie shuttlecock and handbag, representing the discourse of women as judged by their appearance and fashion-conscious. However, she is eroding a football jersey which represents a different discourse of women as sportswomen and perhaps being able to match the boys.In another example, in the car-washing scene, the girl is wearing actually minimal clothing, sliding all over the car in the suds, projecting her breasts in a bikini top, and appearing to be oddly clumsy. Her movements are quite declaratively sexual, and in fact many of her poses replicate those in the bed room scene, so the message is about a woman being an object of sexual gratification. This depiction of women is quite downgrading. Overall the representation of unfledged women is negative, with the positive versions presented as the preferred, but not common, discourse. A positive representation of women is in the president scene.The lyrics ask what happened to the dream of a girl president, and the images suggest a woman who is intelligent, strong and powerful. This is achieved through a range of visual techniques the use of costume a jacket and glasses, camera burden from below to emphasise status, props the USA flag, portrait in background, and the lectern. The pull through of striking a fist on the lectern also emphasises the office of the character, in direct contrast to other scenes which show the woman as insecure, comparing herself to other girls and trying to attract the attention of men. . The video clip uses a range of technical aspects to help convey the overall message.For example, very conventional codes are used in the opening scene, where the angel is depicted in color and the devil in black and red. The connotation of white is of purity and innocence, whereas the connotations often associated with black and red are negative. Fire is suggestive of hell and the smoke or cloud around the white angel suggests heaven. The message is thus a very heavy laden one, do one view of women good and the other bad.

Marketing Skoda

I simple machinery chosen daddy becaexercising I turn over they are a really(prenominal)(prenominal) originative and innovative machine fellowship, from heir recent summonss of building their elevator cable elevator cars with cakes and other foods, this yields soda are precise originative, and this make me choose soda. Before the hang ups soda ash were relatively un lie withn to me personally, nonwithstanding after descrying their creative affects they stand out more as an organization. Explaining tonic water keynote started of make bicycles this is quite strange because it shows the creativeness indoors the organization.They started of making bicycles and now they are making cars. Soda is a Czechoslovakian company however they have merged with the German car company Volkswagen. The history of Sodas rise from exis exce a running Joke to become the well-nigh deservedly respected name In the car demesne is one of the triumphs of the modern era. merchand ising communications At Its best creative market arsehole have a huge effect on sales. This Is a similar backed up by the greatest caller in the world Albert Einstein. Imagination is more grand than Knowledge Marketing communications attempts to mint an reference response either rationally or emotionally. Objectives are compose as hard or soft, goals such as attitudinal and behavioral, which then try into awareness, column inches, evoked and inconsideration sets, leads conversations and coupon responses. Jenkins (2006) advertizement relies on visual imagery to connect the perceptual with the conceptual, the signifier and the signified, the product and the product benefits. Schroeder and Borrowers (2005) public lecture about sensory The reaction of the viewing hearing Is Important for Soda, The vowels reaction to trade communications that Is stringentingful and allows battalion to make thought of the presented message, to interpret the creative images. Movement and direction Our primitive instincts make us react very quickly to motionment. Advertisements with motion eviscerate increased at tennertion and movement whitethorn make the publicizing much more dynamic and tramps go impact. This is important because it processs the tar fit audience to stay foc utilize and pay direction.I believe Soda have done this very creatively. In their advert there is a muckle of movement and the advert is like an adventure, it makes the target audience lodge in anticipation because they expect to know what happens next. As we know sight have short attention spans and movement Is an effective prick to serve the audience focus. The sizeable effect of action Intensive advertising explains wherefore TV and cinema advertising Is so effective. Color and Intensity Advertising with a lot of color draws attention to It.Color makes advertising more fierce and can also make bulk pay attention for a longer time as we enjoy being sauce disgrace Intense s timuli. color Is not only a utensil to get peoples attention It also sets the climate in advertising. Soda has done this very well as they have a disparate arrive of colorize in their advertisement. This sets the mood and also grips the audience. The color Soda use passim their advertisement is green, green is now as a peaceful and lull color this is very creative because the audience go out regain relaxed firearm watch the advertisement.Size and contrast Size is a good creative tool to use. It can be used with large letters, images and illustrations. If the advertisement is large the eject advertisement go out generate curiosity. This is what is regularly called negative space in advertising. Contrast is an effective tactic in advertising. Soda use this very well on billboards, as they have a large car and have their workers around the car, and there is a green scene, it s fair yet odd, this is what will get the audience attention.Sound The advertising Soda use is cr eative advertising on a big scale. Its imaginative, ambitious, painstakingly crafted and thank in no small part to the deceasetrack of Julie Andrews singing my favorite things. The sound that Soda us in their advert is enticing and draws the attention of the audience. It makes the audience hope to know what happens next? It is exciting for the watchers. The beginning of the advert sets the odoring for the advert, the start of the advert is important because if it is not the attention of the viewers will be gone.Sound is an integral ingredient in any advert, the reason being is that sound attempts to draw the viewers into the advert to improve their viewing experience. Soda knows advertising plays a huge part in guests decision making process of which products and services to use, often without them even realizing, in particular video adverts, because of the vast expanse of potential customers they reach. They are a powerful tool in the marketing scheme of companies which can be used to portal millions of homes and influencing people.The melodic line Soda use for their advert is catchy and grips the audience, in the background a car is being made with cakes and the song is mellow so they fit in well together. Sound is a very powerful marketing tool. I believe the sound in the Soda advert arouses peoples attention, simply because when adverts come on consumers attention is not 100% compared to the consumer observance their program, because the sound needs to be used appropriately, I believe Soda use this very well because it is a catchy song and also a song that is not too loud and also the song is very rhythmic.Verbal taste We eat with our eyes before we smell out or taste. This is the taste sense. The cake advert Soda has does exactly this, We know people eat with their eyes before they smell or taste, indeed The advert shows employees of Soda making a car out of Cakes, people love to eat cakes, accordingly as soon as the viewers see the cakes th ere senses are triggered and the viewers like cake therefore they will like the car.This is very creative from Soda as viewers will be experienceing at at the advert and intellection what is this? I want this? It will Stick in peoples head, resulting in a better brand awareness or Soda. Humans have 10,000 taste buds therefore the advert is going to appeal to them, as soon as we see cake it triggers our taste buds and we want it. Next time a viewer is spirit to buy a car they may think in their heads I want that cake car, and cakes are tasty odometer ten cake car wall De stagnantly Ana enjoys el D .Osaka use ten taste sense very well because as consumers are watching the adverts of the Soda cars it makes them want to actually taste the car as different ingredients are used to create the car creating a sense of smart within the consumer, and Soda cars could et consumers bipartite, as the eyes are more hungrier than the mouths. opthalmic is images Human sight has limited range 2/ 3rd of the sense cells in the body are located in the eye.This shows the importance of sight, the advertisement needs to be enjoyable and eye catching, if the viewers see images they dont like then this could be very harmful for Soda because it will create a negative image for the company. finishedout the advert soda has used a different approach to conventional marketing as it has betrayed the car as a cake . This marketing campaign will show the viewers hat soda has put in a lot of time and effort so allthing is made efficaciously and effectively.Soda has clearly illustrated that every part every nut and bolt is hand crafted so this will appeal to customers as they have seen the car being made with their eyesight. Through the advert and also on the Soda website color has been used effectively as it has bright colors creating a relaxed mood, the color red is not used because this will automatically trigger danger signs into viewers minds. The visual images Soda use are very good on both(prenominal) the television and internet adverts. The website is very colorful and has great visual back up like videos and color.The television advertisement has a number of different colors, this sets the mood of the advert and gets the consumers attention, the consumers will be thinking wait a narrow-minded what have we got here? I want to watch this and it is also a catchy advert therefore consumers will remember this and it will enable consumers to think about Soda cars next time they are looking to purchase a new car. Tactile touch Soda has made a very effective marketing campaign illustrating the entertainment divisor in soda vehicles.The bid factor is clearly visible which the customer can connect with resulting in customers wanting to have fun which is machine-accessible to soda vehicles. Advert makes the viewers want to help touch the car, by helping to build the car because the employs are having so much fun building the car, also when the car is finished t he viewers may want to drive a Soda as they know how much fun has gone into creating the car. I believe the Soda advert ticks all the boxes of 7 dimensions used to measure likeability. I believe the advert makes the viewer want to touch the car o see how it feels and to also be outside(a) in creating the car.The advert makes the viewer want to move closer to the advert rather than move away from it because the adverts creates a sense of happiness. Genetics on Soda Genetics is all about how we communicate feelings, how we shape sounds and products. From the Soda adverts, billboards and website it makes us want to move closer to the company rather than move away, as they are all very challenge and are colorful. The advertisements for Soda are slender than many other car companies because the adverts show innovativeness and creativity.The Marketing for Soda also makes the customers happy, because the adverts and website are very colorful and there is a lot going on like moving objec ts. The marketing cyclorama of Soda has a tranquility about it because there advertisements inspire people who have seen them. How It can De enhance The most fundamental tool that facilitates tuition is stimulant. When people in the target market get randy they raise their awareness and their ability to react to new stimuli. The brain automatically interprets the arousal as being something important and important things must be memorized.By using powerful elements in advertising that creates arousal in the target audience the marketer can increase receptivity to the message. I believe Soda have a creative marketing campaign however to turncock their advertising on people they need to keep creating adverts like they have been doing but using them at the right time. By this I mean arousing customers is good however by placing the advertisement in an arousing context, this will help Soda more because by having their adverts on billboards in major football game matches will arouse customers more as they are already aroused by the football match. I feelSoda have a great marketing campaign in place however I feel if Soda promised their customers a free cake with every purchase this could be a good marketing strategy because it carry on the add and for most people their senses will show when they see a cake in the bakery or supermarket they associate the cake with Soda. How Soda grab customers attention The most fundamental tools to gain peoples attention and to sustain their enliven initiate in perceptual psychology. Atkinson and Hillary (1996) Perception ability is a basic clement trait that helps us react intuitively to outside stimuli that may be important.The advertising tool Soda use in advertising is appealing to peoples natural instincts and they also try to make their advertisements stand out to get the target audience to pay attention and process the brand image. creativity compared to rivals If a customers goes on the Soda website they will feel exited and want to explore the website as color is used very efficiently, however if a consumer was to go on the BMW website is is thudding and the customer will want to navigate away from the site as it has a lot of information on it and is very dull. The senses will react more on the Soda Bessie than the other car websites.The adverts are far more creative than their rivals also as Mercedes and BMW feel their brand name will sell, Soda has won a number of awards for their cars and this is displayed on their website, this shows Soda is a progressing organization. Reflective account I feel this course has changed my perceptions on marketing. Simply because before this module I would look at marketing of companies and not pay attention, however now I look at them differently. I analyses the marketing strategies in my head and think to myself why have they done this? Why didnt they do this?I was looking at the new polo car advert in the advert their is a man and a women dancing all they do in the advert is dance then a Polo car badge appears, this is very boring and dull, I thought to myself why didnt they use the advert better by having something to do with the car itself as it is a new model car and include different colors in the advert, the actual advert loses my interest within the first three seconds. I now look at creative marketing in a different way, in a funny kind of way my eyes have opened up now and I am 22 years old. I attentiveness I did this module earlier as I could of used my association I have gained.I believe creativity is very important for marketing, it can be uses In a Deterrent under AT ways, neer I nave also learned Tanat It NAS to one used effectively in order to get the best results. I have learnt how we think as individuals, through our sensory triggers, I have also learnt how to put a creative thought into execution through the tutorials. I have learnt how creativity can influence consumer behavior and how creativity can influen ce our thinking about consumer wants and desires. Creativity is also a key determinant in the development of innovation, in both business and management.

How different aspects of development can affect one another? Essay

If a childs hearing is lost or damaged a child may lack speech festering. A child needs to learn to speak before they ar able to read and bring by dint of therefore there is a delay in language and communication teaching this will overly have impact on their societal and emotional tuition loosing self-esteem when older and may be antipathetical to join in with their peers and joining in with discussions in classA child who is overweight could have disruption within their physical development not being able to do as well in sports and pe as others. This will have effect on their emotional development olfaction self-conscious of what others think. so when they are getting changed they could feel humbled which could lead to teasing which will then affect their social development by not wanting to join in with games and affecting their health even more.If there is sudden death in the family and it is someone they are close to this would have an effect on their emotional dev elopment feeling sad, lonely, upset and may not know where to turn to or who to blither to as other members of their family are upset as well. With not astute who to turn to and all the feelings running through their heads this could have an affect also on their intellectual development not being able to reduce in class showing bad behaviour to get worry and not wanting to communicate with others to tell what they are going through lacking there social development.

Observational Learning Essay

During this course we studied that fashions can be learned by our stimulate experiences or observing others. erudition is the knowledge obtained in life finished education, interacting with people, experiences and practice. There atomic number 18 three types of attainment Classical Conditioning, operant conditioning, and empirical culture. There are many topics that grabbed my interest during this course, but empiric learning made me think about my per newsal life and reminded me of many experiences that I went through in life.Observational learning fashion that we learn through projecting others and then imitating them, this can happen through observing our family, neighbors, friends or TV. I remember when I was a child, I used to watch my mother cooking and then I go back to my means and pretend that am cooking as well. Even though, I grew up and became a very bad cooker. Albert Bandura suggested in his system The social learning theory that children tend to imitated adults by observing them.He supported his theory in his famous experiment Bobo doll, which shows an adult acting acutely toward a Bobo doll, and after that when they allowed the children to play with the doll they acted in the same rough way. I remember last year I was with my aunt and her 7 eld old son in the car going to a restaurant. My aunt is a potfulr, so she took out a cigarette and started smoking. afterward sometimes, her son told her When I grow up I go forth smoke cigarettes, she told him No, you are not allowed to smoke its bad for health, he replayed But you smoke, I want to be cool handle you and when we reached to the restaurant, her son took a straw and started acting as if he is smoking. In addition, Banduaras study showed that people also learn through imitating others who receive punishments and rewards.It means that when a child serves his older siblings nabting punished for doing something wrong, the child is much likely to avoid doing it so he/she won t get punished. On the other hand, if a child noticed that one of his siblings are rewarded for behaving in a certain way or doing something good, the child will do the same to get a reward. When I was 9 years old, my parents bought a new toy for my older brother because he got a full mark on one of his subjects at school, I was very jealous that day and decided to study hard to get a full mark so my parents can get me a gift.Learning can be either positive or negative. Positive empiric learning is when a person learn a good carriage from someone. When I was young, every time we go to a mall in that respect were these itsy-bitsy charity cabinets were you can donate money. I used to see my mother donating money like every time we go to a mall, and now I do the same thing. In contrast, negative observational learning is when a person learn a bad way from someone else.It is true that people can learn negative behavior from their siblings, family, friends or neighbors, however I be lieve that TV and media content is more(prenominal) dangerous and have more powerful impact on people. For example, my small cousin began to act violently since he started watching WWE (a wrestling show) and he even memorized all the wrestle moves. Everyone in the family and school is complaining that he beats other children so hard.For him, he finds it cool and believe that in this way more people will like him as they like these wrestlers. Finally, I believe that observational learning is an effective way. Children have the regenerate to explore their own world and determine the wrong action from the function one. Of course, parents should act in a proper way in scarer of their children and be careful of what they are watching, and advice them to do the right thing when the crap a mistake.

Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Approach Essay

Designed for school-age childs diagnosed with delirious and behavioural disabilities (EBD) there atomic number 18 a numerous amount of treatment strategies and methods that provide be use to enforce and help school-age childs build their self- precaution skills. These intervention strategies are used with the target of educatees ultimately learning how to control their behaviors in and out of school. Consequently, self-sufficient intervention approaches are a supported and efficient method of delivering minded(p) and substantive supports to students with EBD. Advocates of cognitive behavioral intervention (CBI) substantiate the communal correlation amid views and behaviors as a central credence of their method. Students engross in self-management methods when utilizing CBIs. Strategies included in CBIs are self- commandment, self-monitoring, self-reinforcement, self-control, and self-evaluation (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & axerophthol Shriner, 2009).Procedures of Cogniti ve behavioural InterventionCognitive behavioral interventions educate students on ways to govern their personal feelings and behaviors through reinforcing instruction strategies that encourage portion actions. Through the implementation of CBIs, students are engrossed in self-reflection, recounting and reinforcement. In most cases of behavioral management strategies, educators are specify responsible for observing students, collecting data and reinforcing appropriate behaviors. During the course of CBI, students whitethorn accomplish three procedures, thus stimulating their independence, self-management, and an accountability for their actions (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009).When CBI is introduced, students must document the frequency of the particularised target behavior/s that are occurring. Researchers guard found that self-monitoring behavior is an exceedingly sufficient way of endorsing inferential exchanges amid an assortment of learners (Stonecipher, 2012) . Students must know how to identify the occurring behavior(s) in order to effectually record it on a data sheet, journal, or organizer. Often times, incompatible behaviors forget begin to decrease instantaneously once students become cognisant of the behavior and how often it occurs (Stonecipher, 2012).Students must first be capable of self-monitoring their behaviors beforehand effectual self-evaluation may begin. In addition, educators must impart a evaluation scale a standard for students to measure their performance in lineage to. The rating scale should be used during all classroom connect activities (Robinson, 2007). Using the rating scale as a rubric of sorts, students washbowl compare the rate of their performance in contrast to the teachers criteria. Once comparisons are made, students should reflect upon their results. Students shadower successfully self-evaluate their behaviors in a myriad of ways, including through the use of evaluation charts that coincide wit h the students daily class schedule (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009).Self-reinforcement, similar to instructor enjoin reinforcement, is delivered succeeding the achievement of a goal, in this circumstance, fitting behavior. Likewise, self-reinforcement should be apply steadily and systematically (Smith, 2002). Self-reinforcement, can be either externally or internally given. In addition, through self-reinforcement, students are given the opportunity to opt their own reward. Through collaboration, educators and students work together to define the precise criterion that students must met before organism reinforced.It is significant to observe that with self-reinforcement and all processes of self-management, the teacher is responsible for directing the student on how to effectually manage the stages, as well as monitor them throughout the preliminary steps of self-management to exhibit that efficient practices are being utilized (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009). Lastly, teachers and students need to in effect communicate with one another concerning the attainment of self-management and ultimately diminish or reduce self-reinforcement (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009). Emotions, Thoughts, and BehaviorsEmotions, thoughts, and behaviors share a communal correlation thoughts can produce emotional responses emotional responses can then produce corroborative and negative behaviors. As a result, a students emotions and behaviors have a direct correlation to their thoughts and vice versa (Stonecipher, 2012). In instances where a student is unable to self-manage their behaviors while presented with an issue, a probable outcome would be that the student will then act out inappropriately. As a result, cognitive behavioral interventions often encompass problem solving and anger management strategies (Robinson, 2007).Conducive to effectually self-managing behavior, students must be trained to exercise constructive thinking and red uce the pervasiveness of participating in destructive behavior acquired from an emotional response. Students may obtain this by acknowledging the problem, defining it, producing and assessing resolutions, applying a plan and in the end observing the resolution (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009). Students should also learn to recognize specific elements including triggers, reminders, and reducers, while trying to self-manage. Teachers must retain patience during this process as students must build these skills up before positive results transpire (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009).Effectiveness and Limitations of Cognitive Behavior InterventionsCBI has been verified as an effective proficiency in behavior management for students with EBD. When accurately implemented, CBIs can aide students in decreasing inappropriate behaviors that interfere in their academic and personal lives and make students responsible for the management of their own behaviors at heart thes e areas as well. CBIs do not come without limitations as well. Students who are reluctant or apathetic to changing their behaviors would result in its ineffectiveness. It is equally significant for educators to contemplate the validity of student recorded behavioral data. During student behavioral data collection, there can be occurrences of students noting the specific behavior(s) at a reduced frequency than which they genuinely transpire (Smith, 2002).Social Skills InstructionSocial skills and academic performance in a flash correlate with one another. Social skills instruction consists of educating students on what interactions are appropriate between both adults and peers and can be easily combined within the curriculum through projects, small group discussions, etc. (Smith, 2002). For students with EBD, social skills instruction is more accurate when directed as a fragment of an overall management plan. When students implement CBIs problem solving and self-controlling appro aches, students learn to identify issues and test effective results that are considered socially adequate and are particularly pertinent to the management of EBD students (Smith, 2002).Developing Curriculum, Approaches, and AssessmentAs a means of being appropriately implemented, CBIs must transpire within the framework of a behavioral management plan or curriculum and should identify a students behavior, as well as what processes will used to implement the intervention and the assessment. Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) signifies a method for accumulation information about problematic conduct in order to envision and identify the reasons behind them (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009). The behavioral management curriculum cannot surface without the administration of an FBA, which explicitly classifies and labels specific behaviors of EBD students.Likewise, the FBA overtly specifies the underlying issues behind the behavior, which in turn aides in the develop ment of preparing effective and pertinent interventions. The FBA will result in the behavioral intervention plan (BIP) where CBI strategies can be utilized. There are a varied amount of methods that can be utilized to implement CBI into the management curriculum including student kept data, self-evaluation, bright organizers, observations, achievement tests, norm-referenced tests, and criterion tests (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009).Reflection on Cognitive behavioural ApproachCBI is a recognized and efficient approach to managing undesirable behaviors for students with EBD. As a means of effectively executing CBI, educators must design thorough strategies and intervention that can be incorporated within the behavior intervention plan. Additionally, in order to maintain validity, teachers must survey the students development to certify that proper self-management measures are being adhered to.ReferencesSmith, W. (2002). Applying Cognitive Behavioral Techniques to Social Skills Instruction. ERIC/OSEP Digest (E630). Retrieved from http//www.cec.sped.org/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutCEC/International/StepbyS

Commercial Vehicle Market in India

2010 technical message fomite grocery store in India- perseverance Report m unityymaking(prenominal) Vehicle merchandise in India-Industry Report panel of Contents Executive Summary3 Usage Segment6 Market sh ar & angstrom unit deoxyadenosine monophosphate opposition Situation8 central Opportunities14 Key achiever factors15 Financial Analysis17 Regulatory Advantage & group A adenosine monophosphate legal strayworks22 youthful nuclear fusions & type Aereere transnational international ampereere Acquisitions26 Industry SWOT27 Market bowk noncast with Macrostinting assumptions28 plague Analysis30 Annexure32 List of Industry sleepers32 Executive SummaryIndia being the split second nigh be and seventh largest nation in the world give ups a vast and untapped commercialize for cable car giants. The de-licensing in 1991 cand the strong-deserved festering essentials, which attracted international move major to erect up their return facilities in the solid g round to take proceeds of various facilities available. jibe to my research, the scotchal slowdown has had mode frame negative effectuate on commercial vehicle grocery store place. The slowdown of commercial activities in home, construction, manufacturing and an divergent(prenominal) empyreans giveed in sluggish consume for commercial vehicles.However, in 2009-10, the commercial vehicle fragment re spend a pennyed its developing momentum, two in bounds of wadiness and gross gross gross gross sales, on the strong fundamentals of recuperating demand from almost e re solelyy(prenominal) prominent welkins. Especi aloney, passenger carriers chronicleed nonable sales momentum and boosted the boilersuit commercial vehicle egressnce outlook. In coming historic period, speedy expansion of cities to suburban beas pull up stakesing as well as create more demand for mass dishonoration vehicles in the field. It is expect that a major part of India exit be well committed by 2013-14, which allow fuel the demand for commercial passenger carriers in the state of matter.Keeping this in mind, we curb projected the sales of commercial passenger carriers to register nearly 13% CAGR mingled with 2010-11 and 2013-14. On avail vehicle front, the country posted virtuoso of the fastest twelvemonth-on-year work growths in 2009-10. In 2008-09, give awayrs were forced to halt their doing electrical condenser amid falling domestic and export demand for utility vehicles. Consequently, the occupation motto a massive 11% fly in the similar year. With rec all overing vehicle demand from schools, corpo footsteps and public sector organizations, the return grew strongly at the tramp of 24. % in 2009-10. We anticipate this crook to continue in coming years in any case, thus enabling the country to become a dominant utility vehicle player in orbiculate atomic number 18na. This report is an outcome of extensive research and objective thickset on public utility company Vehicle, Multipurpose Vehicle and moneymaking(prenominal) Vehicle markets in India. The report provides detailed data and statistics on production, sales and export trends for each(prenominal) of the abovementioned market department. It studies all the past and present trends prevailing in the market to give the future market outlook.Industry in India &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- KEY POINTS 1. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- travel production and sales went up in 2007-08 as compargond to 2002-03. 2. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- They spended a peak in 2009-10 3. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- gross sales of commercial vehicles ar emergence day by day referable to the emergence construction manufacture and commercial teachings and many otherwise conditions much(prenominal) as growing urbanization. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- KEY POINTS 4. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- move production and sales went up in 2007-08 as compargond to 2002-03. 5. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- They reached a peak in 2009-10 6. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Sales of commercial vehicles ar growing day by day due to the growing construction manufacture and commercial cultivations and many other conditions such as growing urbanization. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 tall sparing growth of India has worked wonders for most of its industries. With advantages kindred low labor be, easy availab leness of cranky materials and well fit employees, India has established many industries in that locationby marking the beginning of an era of rapid industrialization. This has led to the add-on in employment pace and income levels, giving initiation to a more affluent middle class in the country, which serves as an active consumer base for most of the industries, including the railway car industry.India opened its automobile industry to global players with the de-licensing of the industry in 1991. As a result, automobile production and sales went up strongly in 2007-08 from 2002-03 levels. Even amid global economic slowdown, the industry was able to sustain its positive growth momentum. Moreover, in 2009-10 automobile production and sales surged phenomenally and India emerged as a potential enemy of the largest automobile markets such as China and Japan. Sales of commercial vehicles, specially light commercial intelligents carriers atomic number 18 touching recent heights, two in domestic and export markets.The growing construction industry and commercial developments take in opened raw(a) vistas for light commercial goods carriers. But medium and clayey commercial vehicles will likewise wait exalted demand in the domestic market due to infrastructure development give c ar hydro cater projects, port development and mining industry. mercenary passenger vehicles will also hit the peak due to increasing urbanization and growing hold to commute from rural and sub-urban aras to industrial areas for work. every last(predicate) these are creating suitable conditions for India to emerge as an automobile production hub in the future.The sectors which fall in major situation in LCV sales in the country are evaluate to see sustained capital expenditure in coming years. For instance, the organized sell sector which is growing at an annual pace of 30% is extremely untapped and the players are planning to aggressively adjoin their carriage in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. This will further boost the demand of commercial vehicles as they are largely deployed in redistri scarcelyion of custom goods. Usage Segment * enthral operators This department includes all fleet operators and owner-operators. on that point are around 200,000 road transport operators in India. However, most of them are delicate owner-driven firms. Road freight transportation is exceedingly fragmented with the transport operators owning less than louver trucks estimated to account for over 75% of the truck fleet. It is estimated that 77% of truck fleet is below operators who own 5 trucks or less 10% belonged to those with 6-10 trucks 4% belonged to those with 11-15 trucks 3% belonged to those with 16-20 trucks and hardly 4% of fleet belonged to those with more than 20 trucks. Thus, the industry is characte fulld by intense contest.The in profuse(prenominal) spirits competition is the result of relatively move capital requirement, ease of obta ining ca practice licenses and permits. The secondary operators are involved principal(prenominal)ly in the physical vogue of goods and direct on brokers and other fleet operators who in turn depend on the booking agents for obtaining business. These operators do not throw off the geographical reach and undeniable infrastructure to tap business on a regular basis, and thus rely on brokers. Fleet operators are the medium and large, organised-sector players in the transportation industry. The arge fleet operators are small in number, and generally become throughout the country. These fleet operators to begin with work on a hub and r model. The hub and spoke dispersion system enables optimisation of cost and high revenues for the transport companies/ fleet operators. These transport companies generally submit formal contracts with the single-valued functionrs, which is real rarefied in the case of small operators. more or less larger fleet operators confuse ventured i nto offering value-added run such as courier and express incumbrance business and providing third party logistic assistances. Companies This piece accounts for a small proportion of CV sales. Some companies located in industrial areas use these vehicles primarily for employee and material transportation while a hardly a(prenominal) companies use them for secondary distribution of the goods from warehouses to distributors, such as wholesalers and retailers. * governing body organisations The vehicle purchases make by municipal authorities, State transport lowtakings, and various other presidency departments primarily include LCVs and special application vehicles. Private bus operators There has been a signifi put forwardt increase in the number of private bus operators in the country as State transport nethertakings have be inadequate in meeting the increasing demand for transportation. These vehicles are utilise as passenger carriers or chartered buses. &8212&8212&8212&821 2&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Zzzzzzzzzz &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Yyyyyyyyyyyyyy &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Zzzzzzzzzz &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Yyyyyyyyyyyyyy &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Key points Market Structure &amp Segmentation &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&82 12&8212&8212&8212- memorialize break down wind points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- place down key points The commercial vehicle market butt joint be divided into iv segments 1. Segment A-High performance and cast sensitive- The consumers in segment A are brand conscious and are voluntary to yield any price for that brand.But, they usually dont via media on quality. However, that doesnt mean they are loyal to one brand. To channelise such type of consumers, companies have to concent grade on performance as the main criteria. 2. Segment B-Balanced perspective-The consumers in segment B are the most catchy ones to please. They want both price and performance rolled into one product. To target such type of consumers, companies have to concent enumerate on delivering high performance at the best prices. Hence, they have to keep their run costs to a minimum. 3. Segment C-ROI and quick payback period sensitive- .Segment D-E xtremely price sensitive-The consumers in segment D want a product at an sparing price and for this, they are ready to compromise on performance if they are offered a good price. To target such type of consumers, companies have to externalise products keeping costs at a minimum even if that means a medium or low performance but the main criteria is that price should be the best in the industry. Market division &amp Competition Situation The following are the main players in the payoff of commercialised Vehicles in India * Ashok Leyland Ltd. * Hindustan moves Ltd. * telephone dish Force motors Ltd. ( Previously cognize as Bajaj yard Ltd) * Eicher aims Ltd. * Mahindra &amp Mahindra Ltd. * Swaraj Mazda Ltd. * Tata repulses * Ashok Leyland Ashok Leyland Ashok Leyland is one of the biggest players in the intersectionion of mercantile Vehicles in India. Ashok Leyland is one of the oldest self-propelled bon ton of India. It was set up in 1948 in Madras (now offered Ch ennai) to assemble Austin cars. However, the participations future changed by and by British Leyland make equity participation. Hence the company became Ashok Leyland in 1955 and started the Production of commercial Vehicles.They offer a entire slog of in Heavy and flatboat moneymaking(prenominal) Vehicles varying from buses, trucks, engines to special application vehicles. They were the scratch company in the history of Indian to win the ISO 9002 Certification in 1993. Again it became the first Indian company to receive ISO/TS 16949 Corporate Certification. Their global ambition is very simple, it is Global Standards, Global Markets. Hindustan motors Ltd Hindustan Motors Ltd is one of the oldest car manufacturing company of India. It was founded in 1942. It manufactures a wide range of vehicles from cars to trucks to school buses to trekker to porter.However, it is more popular for one of its picky car model called the Ambassador. But, at the same time it does manufacture a lot of mercenary Vehicles as well. It was one of the leading players in cars money box the early 80s but could not maintain its position after globalization came into effect and the markets were opened. It has its manufacturing plants in Uttarpara- West Bengal, Pithampur- Madhya Pradesh, Thiruvallur- Tamil Nadu and Hosur- Tamil Nadu. Telco Telco upsets with Heavy Commercial Vehicles, motiveless Commercial Vehicles, Multi-Utility Vehicles etc.Telco was set up in 1945 to manufacture steam locomotives. Now its the largest private sector company in Commercial Vehicle manufacturing. The quartette manufacturing plants of Telco are located in Jamshedpur in Jharkand, Pimpri and Chinchwad in Pune ( Maharashtra) and Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh. It has a market address of 31. 2% in Multi Utility Vehicle Segment. Force motors Ltd. (Previously known as Bajaj Tempo Ltd) Force motors Ltd. (Previously known as Bajaj Tempo Ltd) is a promising company in the Commercial Vehicle segment. The compa ny is now working on the project of introducing state-of-the-art range of trucks.The company has different technological quislingism with many international giants. Hence, it has an upper edge with new and modern technology. They are also working on eco friendly CNG bus engines. They are the only company to have a full range of Commercial make full carrying vehicles. Eicher Motors Ltd. Eicher Motors Ltd. deals with the manufacturing of Commercial Vehicles. They mainly deal with buses, trucks and chassis. These products comply with all the specifications of BS II norms. Its CNG technology is also known to be the very best in the market. Mahindra amp Mahindra Ltd.Mahindra amp Mahindra Ltd. has a hugh Indian market with Multi Utility Vehicles. It was in the first place set up in 1945 to cater to general purpose utility vehicles. However, today it is one of the top five manufacturers of tractors in the world. Swaraj Mazda Ltd. Swaraj Mazda Ltd. deals with the manufacturing of Light Commercial Vehicles. They mostly manufacture buses, trucks, police personnel carrier, ambulance, water tankers and special vehicles. The company was formed in 1983 and production started from 1985. Tata Motors Tata Motors is one of the most important fore runners of the Indian automobile industry.They believe in focus and state-of-the-art facilities. They belike have the best infrastructure required for the assurance of manufacturing quality vehicles. They deal with MampH Commercial Vehicles, Intermediate Commercial Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Small Commercial Vehicles, Utility Vehicles Etc. In the Commercial Vehicles segment, they mostly manufacture buses and trucks. They even have a good range of passenger vehicles as well. Market Share of Major Players The Commercial Vehicle Market is divided into following categories 1. Light Commercial Vehicles 2. Heavy Commercial Vehicles 3.Medium Commercial Vehicles sidestep 1-Market share of different players in commercial vehicle industry Type of Vehicle TATA Ashok Leyland Mahindra Eicher Motors Force Motors Swaraj Mazda HindustanMotors Volvo Tatra Trucks 64% 24% - 8% - 3% - lt1% lt1% Buses 40% 30% 7% 5% 10% 6% 1% 1% - Temposand Lorries 59% lt1% 32% 4% 3% 3% lt1% - - In the MHCV goods carrier segment, TML is the market leader with a 68% share in 9MFY2010, which represents a bully increase from 63% in FY2008. While new players have entered the MHCV segment, many of them have limited their presence to niche segmentse. . VIL in the higher tonnage duty RV and HT segment Tatra in the higher tonnage RV segment. Although the competitory intensity has change magnitude with the entry of new players, TML and ALL continue to dwarf on account of established product performance, strong brands and guest support, wide servicing network and availability of spares (ease of servicing). Although TML and ALL dominate nearly all sub-segments in MHCV goods carriers market, EML has a strong presence in the 7. 5-12 tonnes s egment, with a market share of 39% in 9MFY2010. However, while EMLs market share in the 7. -12 tonnes segment has dec rootd from 53% in FY2003, TMLs market share has change magnitude from 27% to 47% in 9MFY2010. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- string in key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- ship key points Key Drivers 1. Strong economic growth- A revival of economic reforms and better economic policy in first decade of the twenty-first century accelerated Indias economic growth rate. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India prospered at an annual rate of 8. 80 share in the last reported quarter. From 2004 until 2010, Indias average quarterly GDP ripening was 8. 37 partage reaching an historical high of 10. 0 percent in September of 2006 and a record low of 5. 50 percent in december of 2004. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade sin ce 1997, reducing poverty by some 10 percentage points. In recent years, Indian cities have go on to liberalize business regulations. By 2008, India had established itself as the worlds second-fastest growing major economy. Economists predict that by 2020, India will be among the leading economies of the world. According to the BRIC report, published by Goldman Sachs, India will be the second largest economy after China by 2043. . Robust industrial growth -The industrial sector is one of the main sectors that contribute to the Indian GDP. The country ranks fourteenth in the factory produce in the world. The industrial sector is made up of manufacturing, mining and quarrying, and electricity, water bestow, and gas sectors. The industrial sector accounts for around 27. 6% of the India GDP and it employs over 17% of the hit workforce in the country. 3. small(a) inte sojourn rates Although the interest rate has been a little high this year, it has been around 6. 0% on an average f or the past 5 years which has boosted trade. 4. Road and pedestal development -The most distinct part of Indias physical infrastructure development in recent years is the development of road network across the country per sq. km. of surface area in India is now endowed with one km of roadways. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to 3. 34 trillion km. The countrys road network consists of Expressways, topic Highways, State Highways, Major District Roads, Other District Roads and closure Roads.The road network, as on December 2007, controls 66,590 km of field of study Highways, 128,000 km of State Highways, 470,000 km of Major District Roads and nearly 2. 65 million km of other District and Rural Roads. The National Highways study Project (NHDP), the largest highway project ever under taken by the country, is being enforced by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). NHDP Phase I amp II envisage 4/6 laning of about 14,279 km of Nationa l Highways, at a total estimated cost of Rs. 650 million (at 2004 prices).These two phases 109 comprise of Golden Quadrilateral (GQ), North-South and East-West Corridors, Port Connectivity and other projects. The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ-5,846 km) connects the four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The North-South and East-West Corridors (NS-EW-7,300 km) connect Srinagar in the North to Kanyakumari in the South, including spur from capital of Oregon to Kochi and Silchar in the East to Porbandar in the West. 5. Good Agricultural production -Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and record accounted for 16. % of the GDP in 2007, employed 52% of the total workforce and contempt a steady impose of its share in the GDP, is s cashbox the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. India is the largest producer in the world of fresh fruit, anise, fen nel, badian, coriander, tropical fresh fruit, jute, pigeon peas, pulses, spices, millets, beaver oil seed, sesame seeds, saf pay heeder seeds, lemons, limes, cows milk, dry chillies and peppers, chick peas, cashew nuts, okra, ginger, turmeric guavas, mangoes, target milk and buffalo milk and meat.It also has the worlds largest cattle macrocosm (281 million). It is the second largest producer of cashews, cabbages, cotton seed and lint, fresh vegetables, garlic, egg plant, goat meat, silk, nutmeg. mace, cardamom, onions, wheat, rice, sugarcane, lentil, dry beans, groundnut, tea, green peas, cauliflowers, potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, gourds and inland fish. It is the third largest producer of tobacco, sorghum, rapeseed, coconuts, hens eggs and tomatoes. India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first rank in the production of mangoes, papaya, banana and sapota. 6.Good replacement demand- There has been good replacement demand late for commercial vehicles. Decisions about replacing vehicles are relatively complicated hatful compare the transportation services they get from their present vehicle and the costs associated with running it, with the services they could get from another vehicle, given the costs of purchasing and selling vehicles and of running the new one. Replacement decisions are also moved(p) by developments in the use-vehicle market when mess replace vehicles, they may spoil either new or utilize, and they very often sell a vehicle on the used-vehicle market when they acquire another.Thus, although only production and sales of new vehicles affect the industrys contribution to GDP, demand for new vehicles is influenced by prices, quantities, and qualities in the used-vehicle market. Key Challenges / Barriers 1. change magnitude Competition and WTO Regime 2. Cyclicality of businesses 3. change magnitude Customisation and Application Profileration-While the front paradigm aimed at meeting the involve of segments of consume rs, the new paradigm treats every customer as unique.The development of technology has made it possible to address the needs of individual customers, the day may not be very far off when a customer lacking to buy a toilet soap may have to put his/her hand into a scanner which will sense the skin touch and pop out a pouch of liquid soap that is ideally formulated to suit his/her skin. Also, innovation is more than creativity it is the commercial fruition of creativity. Consumers like what they have but also crave change. The word New, Improved, give away can influence the customer preference.Innovation is the life blood of Marketing. Creative ideas are valuable but the greater part is harnessing them to profitable productive change. 4. Competition from alternative modes- The alternative modes of transport are the telecom, diffuse and port services. These services have grown exponentially as compared to the traditional commercial vehicle sector. Container port traffic has increa sed from less than a million in 1991 to about 5 million in 2005 with an annual growth rate of about 266 percent since 1991.Also, the increase in air freight and air transport has been around 15% whereas the increase in fixed line and mobile phone subscribers has been around 150% from 1991-2005. 5. Stiff Emission and other Regulatory Changes- The arc norms have become really strict these days. From the earlier emission norms of Euro 3 in metro cities and Euro 2 in rest of the country, the automobile companies have to ensure that the automobiles produced in or after 2009-10 bandage to Euro 4 in metro cities and Euro 3 in rest of the country. 6. in operation(p) Cost Pressures 7.Increased Customer Awareness- In the 21st century, the customer has become very aware due to the various sources of information available to him. Now, it is very difficult to fool the customer as he can get the full information with the mark off of a button. Hence, companies have to keep the customer needs i n mind while designing a product. 8. Accelerated Technology upgradation requirements and other change needs Key Opportunities fancy key points Enter key points Vibrant Indian Economy self-propelled Industry presentation double digit growth in all segments Growing engineering and IT capability for manufacturing Auto Component Industry Culturally compatible-Quality, Experience and value Key Success factors * Ability to enhance and vary product unify A several(a) and broad product mix enables a manufacturer to serve a wide variety of transportation solutions across different load levels. * Sales and distribution service network * Balance amid outsourcing and in-house production * Quality A company must have good quality product to gain a customer trust. This would also athletic supporter in building long term relationship with the consumer and also gain viral marketing. Environment A company need to adapt to the surround environment and must act in a way to amend and sustai n environment around it. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Enter key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 1 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 2 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 3 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Enter key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 1 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 2 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 3 Enter key pointsEnter key points Market Entry Strategy * Collaboration for Manufacturing virtuousness and Process Design * Production Sharing in India &amp Europe for a Holistic Service Capability * Partnering for Global Requirements * Merger &amp Acquisition * E stablish JV &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Enter key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 1 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 2 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 3 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Enter key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 1 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 2 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 3 Financial Analysis Commercial Vehicles- Recent Trends During FY2004-07, CV sales stacks growth in the domestic market had been healthy led by buoyant economic activity, easy access to finance, entry of new truck financing companies, increased momentum in highway construction, better operating economics of new trucks, and a Supreme Court (SC) order prohibiting overloading of trucks. However, continued hardening of interest rates and a slowdown in economic activity has impacted CV sales volumes since FY2008.Since mid-2008, domestic CV sales volumes have declined significantly because of an economic slowdown, slowdown in index of industrial production (IIP), tighter credit conditions and constraints in the availability of vehicle finance from banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs). Though in-house vehicle financing of major manufacturers has increased, the humanitarianal credit flow was unable to fully offset the decrease in credit availability from outside sources. As compared with a year on year (yoy) growth of 9. 2% in Q1FY2009, domestic CV sales declined 1. 8% (yoy) during Q2FY2009, and by a sharp rate of 47. % (yoy) in Q3FY2009, and 35. 7% (yoy) in Q4FY2009. The rate of decline was lower at 12. 1% (yoy) in Q1FY2010 primarily because of 16% (yoy) gr owth in LCV segment. A significant proportion of trucks are purchased by small truck operators in the unorganised sector, who may have to pay a relatively higher rate of interest as compared with large-fleet operators, and are more vulnerable to interest rate fluctuations and slowdown in economic activity. Production The Indian automobile sector, described as the sun rise sector, had been growing at a healthy double digit rate till 2006-07.However, it witnessed a downturn during the later half of 2007-08 and 2008-09 due to global economic slowdown. To tide over the situation, the Government of India took immediate remedial transaction and announced three stimulus packages. As a result of this, the overall position has improved since July, 2009 onwards. In the year 2008-09 the industry witnessed a minuscule growth in production at 2. 96% over 2007-08. In the year 2009-10 (April 2009 to December, 2009), passenger vehicle segment, two-wheeler segment, three-wheeler segment and commer cial vehicle segment have all recorded a growth of 24. 55%, 19. 0%, 16. 04% and 15. 10% enjoyively over the corresponding period last year (CLPY). The details of actual production of various automobile segments during the year 2006-07 to 2009-10 (upto December, 2009) are given below &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Type a quote from the document or the compendium of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the guide quote text box. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point.You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. Automobile Production Trends Segment 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Passenger Vehicles 1,545,223 1,777,583 1,838,593 2,351,240 Commercial Vehicles 519,282 549,006 416,870 566,608 trinity Wheelers 556,126 500,660 497,020 619,093 Two Wheelers 8,466,666 8,026,681 8,419,792 10,512,889 Total 11,087,997 10,853,930 11,172,275 14,049,830 dodge 2-Automobile Production Trends ExportsThe period from April-December 2009 saw growth in automobile exports sliding sharply to 10. 4% (yoy) with lag in almost all segments. Although CV exports declined 14. 6% (yoy) in 9MFY2010, the decline was lower than the decline of 28% (yoy) in FY2009. CVs and 3Ws segments recorded declines of 14. 6% (yoy) and 1. 9% (yoy) respectively during 9MFY2010. Although exports of 4Ws increased at a high rate of 30% (yoy) in 9MFY2010, this represented a decline from the high rate of 54% in FY2009. 2W export growth slid from 22. 5% (yoy) in FY2009 to 7. % (yoy) in 9MFY2010 imputable to a sharp decline in growth of motorcycle exports. Although export growth has decelerated sharply in 9MFY2010, at that place has been a recuperation in Q3FY2010 a ttributable partly to the base effect. The key reason for the decline in export growth was the fall in auto sales in particular the CVs in the major destination markets of Asia, Africa, US, and Europe. Automobile Exports Trends Segment 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Passenger Vehicles 198,452 218,401 335,729 446,146 Commercial Vehicles 49,537 58,994 42,625 45,007Three Wheelers 143,896 141,225 148,066 173,282 Two Wheelers 619,644 819,713 1,004,174 1,140,184 Total 1,011,529 1,238,333 1,530,594 1,804,619 Table 3-Automobile Exports Trends encipher 1-Monthly Exports of Commercial Vehicles The exports of CVs which were growing till FY2008, registered a decline in early FY2009, though there was minor recovery in Q2FY2009, due to the growth in LCVs exports but that was also short-lived. The rate of decline was lower in Q2FY2010, and subsequently CV exports increased 50% (yoy) in Q3FY2010. However, this was largely due to the base effect.CVs segment was the worst hit by the economic downt urn in the American and European countries, but the decline after peaking in Q3FY2009, has been showing most signs of recovery. Evidence for the US and Canada suggests that the sharp reduction in CV sales since mid-2008 has been magnified by the lack of access to credit, leading many firms to dodge their CV purchases. This implies that continued improvement in financial market conditions could provide an impetus to CV sales. Domestic Sales Overall production growth declined from 0% (yoy) in Q2FY2009 to sharp declines of 50. % (yoy) in Q3FY2009, and 43. 5% (yoy) in Q4FY2009. However, production declined at a lower rate of 19. 5% (yoy) in Q1FY2010, because of recovery in LCV production. MHCV production continued to decline at a high, albeit lower rate through Q2FY2010. Overall CV production actually increased 4. 4% (yoy) in Q2FY2010, followed by an exceptionally high increase of 95. 4% (yoy) in Q3FY2010, albeit on a low base. Domestic MHCV sales increased at a 3-year CAGR of 10. 4% to 270,994 units during FY2008, followed by sharp declines thereafter till Q1FY2010. The less than 3. tonnes category is the largest segment, accounting for 84% of domestic goods LCV sales in 9MFY2010. This segment has reported very high growth rate during FY2005-08, primarily because of the superior price-performance ratio, and the launch of ACE by Tata Motors Ltd. (TML). The LCV segment is dominated by TML and the high growth in goods carrier segment during the last few years has been driven by the launch of Tata Motors 207DI (a 2-tonne pick-up vehicle), which enabled the company to strengthen its presence in this segment. During FY2006-07, growth was driven by the launch by TML of a mini-truckthe TATA ACE (with a GVW of 1. 5 tonnes). Since FY2006, the demand growth for this LCV goods carrier has been higher than other sub-segments, driven by the trend of increase in consumption of consumer goods and durables in smaller cities/towns and restrictions on goods movement by bigger veh icles in metros/bigger cities especially during daytime. The increasing popularity of the lower tonnage LCVs can be attributed to the increasing distribution of goods inside Indian towns and villages that need small vehicles because of disaggregated nature of freight generation and narrow roads.The increasing popularity of door-to-door service has contributed to the growth of LCVs in the recent past. As these vehicles have relatively lower acquisition costs, the fleet operators may prefer them to carry small cargo. The corporates not only look for speedy, reliable, door- to- door services, but also for a get it on logistic solution that minimises the costs of transport, logistics and take stock. With the share of the high value consumer goods (which call for timely transportation and better handling) increasing, lower tonnage LCVs are expected to witness higher growth in the medium-term.Automobile Domestic Sales Trends Table 4 Automobile Domestic Sales Trends Segment 2006-07 2007- 08 2008-09 2009-10 Passenger Vehicles 1,379,979 1,549,882 1,552,703 1,949,776 Commercial Vehicles 467,765 490,494 384,194 531,395 Three Wheelers 403,910 360,781 349,727 440,368 Two Wheelers 7,872,334 7,249,278 7,437,619 9,371,231 Total 10,123,988 9,654,435 9,724,243 12,292,770 Figure 2-Monthly Domestic Sales of Commercial VehiclesRegulatory Advantage &amp legal frameworks In India the Rules and Regulations cogitate to operate license, registration of motor vehicles, control of traffic, construction &amp upkeep of motor vehicles etc are governed by the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (MVA) and the Central Motor Vehicles rules 1989 (CMVR). The Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport &amp Highways (MoSRT&ampH) acts as a nodal agency for formulation and instruction execution of various provisions of the Motor Vehicle Act and CMVR.Figure 4 Regulatory mannikin of Indian Automobile Industry In order to involve all stake holders in regulation formulation, MoSRT&ampH has constituted two committees to deliberate and advise Ministry on issues relating to Safety and Emission Regulations, viz. * CMVR- Technical standing(a) Committee (CMVR-TSC) * Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission polity (SCOE) CMVR- Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC) This Committee advises MoSRT&ampH on various technical aspects related to CMVR.This Committee has representatives from various organisations namely Ministry of Heavy Industries &amp Public Enterprises (MoHI&ampPE)), MoSRT&ampH, Bureau Indian Standards (BIS), Testing Agencies such as Automotive Research of India (ARAI), Vehicle Research Development &amp constitution (VRDE), Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT), industry representatives from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), Automotive Component Manufacturers Association (ACMA) and Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) and representatives from State Transport Departments. Major functions the Committee are To provide techni cal clarification and reading material of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing, to MoRT&ampH, as and when so desired. * To recommend to the Government the International/ impertinent standards which can be used in lieu of standard notified under the CMVR permit use of components/ move/assemblies complying with such standards. * To make recommendations on any other technical issues which have direct relevance in implementation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules. * To make recommendations on the new safety standards of various components for notification and implementation under Central Motor Vehicles Rules. To make recommendations on lead time for implementation of such safety standards. * To recommend amendment of Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing keeping in view of Changes in automobile technologies. CMVR-TSC is assisted by another Committee called the Automobile Industry Standards Committee (AISC) having members from various stakehold ers in drafting the technical standards related to Safety. The major functions of the committee are as follows * Preparation of new standards for self-propelling items related to safety. * To review and recommend amendments to the lively standards. advise adoption of such standards to CMVR Technical Standing Committee * Recommend commissioning of testing facilities at appropriate stages. * Recommend the necessary support of such facilities to the CMVR Technical Standing Committee, and * Advise CMVR Technical Standing Committee on any other issues referred to it The National Standards for Automotive Industry are prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The standards formulated by AISC are also converted into Indian Standards by BIS. The standards formulated by both BIS and AISC are considered by CMVR-TSC for implementation.Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission canon (SCOE) This Committee deliberates the issues related to implementation of emission regulation. Majo r functions of this Committee are * To discuss the future emission norms * To recommend norms for in-use vehicles to MoSRT&ampH * To finalise the test procedures and the implementation strategy for emission norms * Advise MoSRT&ampH on any issue relating to implementation of emission regulations. Based on the recommendations from CMVR-TSC and SCOE, MoSRT&ampH issues notification for necessary amendments / modifications in the in Central Motor Vehicle Rules.In addition, the other Ministries like Ministry of Environment &amp Forest (MoEF), Ministry of Petroleum &amp Natural Gas (MoPNG) and Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources are also involved in formulation of regulations relating to Emissions, Noise, Fuels and Alternative Fuel vehicles. levy Structure 1. State bath Rate and Classification of goods Uniform rate structure across the country helps in turn awaying diversion of trade from one State to another, checks unhealthy competition and reduces appraise e vasion. It helps automobile industry to plan and commit long term enduements.Basic rationale needs to be developed for generation of revenue from industrial products. This should be long term and the share of measureation in the total value of the ultimate customer needs to be defined. SIAM recommends such a policy in valueing goods and services under tubful. Total taxes from both Centre and State as proposed by SIAM not to exceed 25%. Considering Cenvat at 16%, Designated rate should not exceed 9%. The assortment of goods should be aligned to central taxes to reduce litigation. Uniform classification across all States and central taxes would create favourable environment for growth of industry.No distract classification of Capital Goods 2. Multiple levies and industrial input One of the verbalise objectives of VAT is to reduce multiple levies. Number of rates under VAT should be 0%, 4% &amp RNR in addition to 1% on precious metal and 20% on crude products. All other levi es like Octroi, Entry Tax should be abolished. Inputs used in the manufacturing should be taxed at 4% against issue of declaration. There should not be any specific list of industrial input, as it will deprive the benefit to the industry utilise input other than the one mentioned in the list.Reduced rate on industrial input will avoid refund problem and avoid unnecessary interaction with the Department. Further when interstate transactions are zero rated, manufacturer selling predominantly in interstate ends up having huge input tax credit without set-off. Automobile manufacturers having one manufacturing facility in the country sells more than 80% of the production outside the Sate and forced to seek refund from the State Government for excess input tax credit. SIAM suggests VAT rate of 4% on all industrial input to mitigate the refund issue. 3. Set-off mechanismSet-off of tax stipendiary should be allowed for all inputs including raw material, components, consumables, fuel and capital goods. Tax paid on services should be allowed to be set-off. Tax paid on capital goods should be allowed as set-off in full in the same year to avoid confusion and litigation later. 4. Interstate transactions All interstate transactions should be at zero rate. Further automobile manufacturers Stock Transfer goods by setting up huge facilities to strengthen distribution net work in order to reach the product to the customer at the earliest and at least cost.This mechanism should not be affected even under VAT. 5. Sales Tax Incentives Automobile manufacturers have made huge investments, which are in phases in unviable locations. These locational disadvantages are partially offset by fiscal incentives. Any detrimental variations or pulling out will affect the viability of such investments. This may adversely impact the countrys image as an attractive investment destination. It is heartening to note that all States have agreed in principle to honour all existing incentives unde r VAT SIAM suggests the following Incentive SIAM SuggestionInput Tax immunity Refund Input Tax separately adopt Maharashtra model widening Tax Exemption Continue exemption, Option to Defer output tax Output Tax deferral Continue Deferment, refund input tax separately Input Tax Exemption amp Output Tax Exemption Refund Input Tax separately,Option to Defer output tax Input Tax Exemption amp Output Tax Deferral Refund Input Tax separately,Option to Defer output tax Table 5-Tax Structure in Automobile Industry 6. Refunds Due to various reasons there is no alternative but to seek refund from the Government in case of excess credit.Given the state of finances, refunds will be difficult and indistinct while locking up working capital for industry. Refunds should be honoured deep down 15 days from the date of filing returns and credited to the assessees account. Alternatively, VAT Entitlement present on the lines of freely tradable DEPB may be considered Recent Mergers &amp Acquis itions 1. Merger of Ashok Leyland and IVECO,Italy 2. Merger of Eicher and Mitsubishi,Japan 3. Merger of M&ampM and Nissan Motor Company,Japan 4. Merger of Swaraj Mazda and Mazda Motor Company,Japan Industry SWOT Strengths Automobile industry is an established and an evergreen industry. * India is the strongest player in the small car segment of the global automobile market. * Indian companies are the best cost innovators. * The automotive industry has long been known for its development and promulgation of the assembly-line. * Some of the sterling(prenominal) developments in the automotive supply chain lie in the development of Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory methods. * Through the use of advanced technologies, assembly line manufacturing, and JIT inventory management, the automotive industry has been able to achieve significant gains in productivityWeaknesses * India is lacking in proper infrastructure. * This is slowing the pace of growth of auto industry. * Companies are not imp roving after sale services. Opportunities * The automotive ecosystem is in the thick of significant change, with increasing challenges in consumer demands, technology development, and globalization. * While demand for superjacent technologies will remain strong, alternative power trains could capture more than 20 percent of the global market by 2020, depending upon boundary conditions such as fuel taxation and emissions regulation set by political sciences as well as oil price development. Storage is in the heart of the attached generation of efforts for fuel economy. * More realistic scenario will emerge for technologies using Hydrogen as automotive fuel. * Intelligent use of NCES (Non conventional brawniness sources) for powering Public Transport. Threats * Global Crisis * Companies not focussing on R&ampD are under great risk * High competition from foreign players * Lack of technology for Indian companies Market forecast with Macroeconomic assumptions Investments in futur e The market is so large and diverse that a large number of players can be absorbed to gruntle buyer needs.The sector not only has global players looking to invest and expand but leading domestic companies are also pumping in huge sums into expanding operation. Some of the investments made by various companies or organisations are as follows * Investment intendning Commission has set target of attracting foreign investment worth US$5 billion for the succeeding(prenominal) five years (in automobile industry). * Rasandik Motors, a group company of Rasandik Engineering Industries India plans to set up a three-wheelers unit at Nanjangud in Mysore district of Karnataka. written report on the project was expected to commence by July 2010. An Indian automotive site called wheelsunplugged. com suggests that Daimler is planning to invest US$700 million-$1 billion to increase the expertness of its planned truck assembly plant at the SIPCOT Industrial Park in Oragadam, near Chennai in Tam il Nadu. An initial capacity of 70,000 units a year is planned from a 1,000-acre site. * Mercedes-Benz plans to invest e700 million to increase the production capacity of its trucks in its manufacturing plant in Chennai. While the infrastructure is expected to address future expansion plans of the company, details of the time frame of investment were not disclosed.The German car maker is also on course to increase its headcount three-fold at its R&ampD centre in Bangalore by next year and will invest close to Rs. 450 crore on infrastructure and people-related costs. * Bharat Forge invested US$ one hundred thirty-five million in its Pune plant for increasing capacity to 240,000 tonnes. * Amtek Auto is expanding capacity of its casting unit to 70,000 tonnes per annum. * Rico Auto is investing Rs 350 million to expand its capacity. * Apollo Tyres plans to invest US$469. 58m to increase production capacity in India and abroad. * Robert Bosch of Germany will invest U$201. 0 million i n its subsidiaries over the next two years. * Ceat has inaugurated the Radial tyre greenfield project in Gujarat with an investment of Rs 7,000 million, which will create employment opportunities for 1,000 people. Demand forecast Before looking at the forecast demand of automobiles, specially, commercial vehicles, let us look at the demand forecasting process used in automobile industry In forecasting the demand, we have used various statistical methods considering all the relevant demand drivers for each segment. Then, models were prepared considering an exhaustive list of variables such as Macro-economic variables-GDP components, industrial production, inflation, interest rates, stock indices - sphere of influence variables- model launches, vehicle price, inter-segment competition -Enablers/barriers- Finance availability, road connectivity Forecasts for 2010-11 Automobile Segments 2010-2011 growth over 2009-10(%) Passenger Cars 12-13 Utility Vehicles 13-14 Commercial vehicles(good s) 19-20 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Enter key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 1 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 2 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 3 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Enter key points &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 1 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 2 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 3 Commercial vehicles(buses) 4-5 Two wheelers 9-10 Three wheelers(goods) 5-6 Three wheelers(passengers) 8-9 Table 6-Demand Forecast for 2010-11 Some of the key forecasts made with respect to growth of commercial vehice industry are Expected demand in Passenger segment to grow at 6% CAGR in volume terms over the period FY05-FY10. Goods segment to show 4. 6% CAGR over the same period. Light Commercial Vehicles to grow at a rate of 20% YOY. Heavy Commercial vehicles to grow at a rate of 12% YOY. PEST Analysis Economic Scenario The fortunes of the CV industry are closely related to the general economic conditions prevailing in a country. The demand for transportation is directly proportional to the growth of the economy, mobility of population, and other related factors. In nearly all countries, a close connection betwixt growth in transport, goods traffic and economic growth can be observed.The effects are two-fold * Increasing economic development causes more traffic. Increasing amounts of goods, greater transportation distances, enhanced division of labour (globalisation), new production technologies (e. g. just-in-time production), higher levels of commuter traffic, and an increase in business travel are producing a growth in goods transport and production-relat ed passenger transport. The increase in the prosperity of private households, together with the reduction in the working workweek and the working life, produce an increase in holiday and leisure transport. The mobility of people and goods is a precondition for greater productivity and economic growth. The latter result from enhanced division of labour, faster structural change, the exploitation of new raw and other materials and greater competitiveness in international trade. POLITICAL SCENARIO The government has taken many initiatives to promote foreign direct investment (FDI) in the industry a few of them are given below * machine rifle approval for foreign equity investment up to 100 per cent of manufacture of automobiles and components is permitted. * The automobile industry has been delicensed. There are no restraints on import of components. Besides the above mentioned initiatives, the government has envisaged the Automotive Mission Plan 2016 to promote growth in the sector. It targets * Emerging as the global favorite in the area of design and manufacture of automobiles and auto components. * Taking the output to US$ 145 billion, accounting for more than 10 per cent of the GDP. * whirl additional employment to 25 million people by 2016. ? technological SCENARIO Road Infrastructure Development 52000 + Kms Road development project taken up under NHAI * 5851 Kms of Golden Quadrilateral (93% completed) 7300 Kms of NSEW corridor (Phase I&ampII) (11% completed) Target Date Dec09 * 380 Kms of Port Connectivity (29% completed) Target Date Dec12 * 46000 KM Length of Road Development- US $ 27Bn Project in mount Completion by Dec12 Port Infrastructure Development * Port Infrastructure upgradation projects US $ 16 Bn. in progress * Upgradation of major ports through private sector involvement (13 projects are useable and 4 under implementation) * Development of container terminals (in 6 ports of total 15 million TEUs capacity) Target Date 2013-14 * Projects worth US$ 13. 3 billion proposed under National Maritime Development Programme (NMDP) Target Date 2013-14 * extra port handling capacity of 530 MMTA in major ports Annexure List of Industry Associations The automobile industry like any other industry has a number of associations to look after its interests. They provide a greater bargain power to the industry and act as a source of couplet between the industry and the government. They help in formulating laws for the industry and help in getting technology from abroad.These associations enable the industry to lobby hard to get extra incentives in the Union budget in the form of reduced import duties etc. They also act as data banks and provide insightful researches into the industry and they also regularly conduct auto fairs and exhibitions. Some of the major automobile Manufacturers Association along with a brief verbal description of their profiles is as follows Society of Indian automobile Manufacturers ( SIAM)-Thi s is the apex body of the automobile industry in the country representing nearly thirty eight vehicle and vehicular engine manufacturers in the country.It is an important channel of communication between with the Government and other national and international organizations. It works with all quarters of the industry and helps in formulating policies for the automobile industry. It also enhances communication between all the stake holders of the industry and helps in technological up gradation though collaboration with foreign players. For more details of the organization log on to http//www. siamIndia. com/ The Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA)-This organization is the nodal agency for all the automobile component manufacturers in the country.They have nearly 500 hundred members and their supply form the majority of the components in the organized sector. Like SIAM, this association also helps in dissemination of information about the industry, enhance s trade promotion, technological up gradation and quality enhancement thus playing an important role in the development of the industry. It also sends delegation to foreign countries and participates in international trade fairs and regularly publishes data about the sector. More information about the organization can be sought from http//www. acmainfo. om/ Federation of automobile Dealers Association (FADA)-This association is the apex body of automobile dealers in India and it was established in 1964 to promote and protect the interests of the retail automobile market in the country. The four founder members of FADA which have played a key role in the formation of the association are as follows The automobile Dealers Association of Maharashtra, Mumbai Motor Industries Association, Kolkata Automobile Traders Association, Delhi Motor Vehicles and Allied Industries Association , Chennai Click http//www. adaweb. com/ for more details. Motor and Equipments Manufacturers Association (ME MA)-This association as the name suggests represents the interest of the automobile equipment manufacturers by making the companies associated with this trade more profitable and efficient. It provides useful information about the industry, valuable market research, government representation and other valuable commercial services. The body was established in 1904 and since then they have provided valuable service to the light motor vehicle and the heavy industries.To know more click http//www. mema. org/index. php List of graphs and tables * Table 1-Market Share of Different Players in Automobile Sector * Table 2-Automobile Production Trends * Table 3-Automobile Domestic Sales Trends * Table 4-Automobile Exports Trends * Table 5-Tax Structure in the Automobile Industry * Table 6-Demand forecast for 2010-11 * Figure 1-Monthly Domestic Sales of Commercial Vehicles * Figure 2-Monthly Exports of Commercial Vehicles * Figure 3-Regulatory Framework of Automobile Industry